Understanding Carbohydrates: Types, Digestion, and Health Effects

1. The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber

3. Carbohydrates (CH2O)n • Simple carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Complex carbohydrates

4. Simple Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • C6H12O6 • Glucose (dextrose, blood sugar) • Fructose • Galactose

5. Glucose

6. Fructose & Galactose

7. Condensation

8. Hydrolysis

9. Disaccharides • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose

10. Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Glycogen (animal) • Starches (plant) • Fibers (non-starch polysaccharides)-not digested well.

11. Glycogen & Starch Molecules Compared (small Segments)

12. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Cellulose • Hemicelluloses • Pectins

13. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Gums and mucilages • Lignin • Resistant starches

14. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Soluble fibers • Viscous-Gums, pectins • Fermentable

15. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Insoluble fibers • Nonviscous-cellulose, lignins, resistant starches • (Phytic acid)

16. Digestion • Mouth • Salivary amylase • Stomach • Fibers and satiety

17. Digestion • Small intestine • Maltase, sucrase, lactase • Pancreas • Pancreatic amylase

18. Carbohydrate Digestion in the GI Tract

19. Digestion • Large intestine • Fermentation of viscous fibers • Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production

21. Absorption

22. Lactose Intolerance • Symptoms-gas production, nausea, etc. • Causes • Lactase deficiency

23. Lactose Intolerance • Prevalence-variable • Dietary changes • Does not require the elimination of milk/milk products • Acidophilus milk

24. Glucose in the Body • Energy • Glycoproteins • Glycolipids

25. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Storing glucose as glycogen (1/3) • Using glucose for energy

26. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making glucose from protein • Gluconeogenesis • Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates

27. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making ketone bodies from fat fragments • Ketone bodies • Ketosis • Acid-base balance

28. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Converting glucose to fat • Energetically expensive

29. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Regulating hormones • Insulin-uptake of sugar • Glucagon-release of sugar • Epinephrine-release (fight or flight)

30. Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis

31. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes • Failure of insulin production • Type 2 diabetes-fat cells are insulin resistant! • Obesity

32. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Hypoglycemia • Rare in healthy people

33. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Glycemic response • Glycemic index

34. Sugars • Added sugars • Sucrose, invert sugar, corn syrups, etc.

35. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Nutrient deficiencies?

38. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Dental caries • Dental plaque

39. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes obesity? • Sugar causes heart disease?

40. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults? • Sugar causes cravings and addictions? • serotonin

41. Recommended Intakes of Sugars • DRI • No more than 25% of total daily energy intake

42. Carbs. Part II: Practical Aspects of Starches and Fibers

43. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Heart disease • Diabetes • GI health

44. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Cancer • Weight management • Harmful effects of excessive fiber intake

45. Viscous Fibers

46. Nonviscous Fibers

47. Starch and Fiber • RDA for carbohydrate • 130 g/day • 45% - 65% total daily energy intake • Daily Value: 300 g/day

48. Starch and Fiber • Fiber • Daily Value: 25 g/day • AI: 14 g/1000 kcal/day

49. Grains Guidelines to Groceries