Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation and Emotion. 6-8% of the AP Psychology Exam Includes “stress”. MOTIVATION THEORIES. WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE INTO ACTION?. Motivation. What moves people into action? The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain Promote survival
Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation and Emotion 6-8% of the AP Psychology Exam Includes “stress”
Motivation • What moves people into action? • The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain • Promote survival • Freud theorized that basic sexual and aggressive instincts motivated behavior • Rogers and Maslow suggested that a basic tendency toward growth and mastery pervades our lives • Seligman emphasized the role of cognitive factors in motivation
INSTINCTS • Instincts are fixed, unlearned, genetically programmed patterns of behavior such as migration and mating displays of birds • Examples in human behavior?
Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory • Behavior originates from instincts • Instincts are adaptive survival behaviors
Sociobiological view • All creatures respond in a manner to preserve our genes • As in herding behaviors • Aged or nonproductive individuals leaving the group to increase the chance of survival of the family
Drive Reduction Theory • Behavior originates from physiological need (drive state) • homeostasis • Drives are internal conditions that relate to survival • Food, water, air • Behavior is geared to reduce the need or deficit • Eating, drinking and breathing • Drive reduction motivation DOES NOT deal with decision making
Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Motivation • Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level • Incentive • a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Arousal Theory • Relates to differing individual preferences for stimulation in their environment • Motivation is to achieve and maintain preferred levels of stimulation • Yerkes-Dodson “Law” (more appropriately “curve”) states the relationship between task performance and levels of arousal
Incentive Theory • Need for goal attainment or achievement may be • Intrinsic-reward comes from within • Extrinsic- reward is external • Overjustification Effect • Occurs when extrinsic rewards are provided for a behavior that previously was motivated intrinsically, behavior decreases
Cognitive Consistency Theory • Motivation is produced from internal conflict • Cognitive Dissonance • Beliefs that are in opposition often produce conflict (cognitive dissonance) • Beliefs counter to some behavior produces conflict • The individual is motivated to reduce conflict by modifying or changing beliefs or behavior • Experiments in Lying
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Each successive level of the hierarchy is addressed only after the preceding level’s needs have been met • Maslow’s theory DOES NOT explain altruistic behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Big Picture Picture • I. Instinct/Biological Theory • II. Drive Reduction Theory • III. Arousal Theory • An optional activity would be to have students draw a “Big Picture” (see Instructions in activities folder.) • Assign theories by this list. • IV. Incentive Theory • V. Cognitive Consistency Theory • VI. Humanistic Theory
Physiological Needs Hunger and Thirst
Homeostasis • Glucose • Blood sugar • Hypothalamus • Ventromedial hypothalamus- • Depresses hunger • Lateral hypothalamus • Results in hunger • SO. . .what happens if damaged? • Set Point- “natural” body weight • Metabolic Rate- resting rate of energy expenditures
Motivation-Hunger • Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Motivation-Hunger • Glucose • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood • provides the major source of energy for body tissues • when its level is low, we feel hunger
OBESITY Genetic Explanations 1. Fat cells- once the number of fat cells increases, it seldom decreases 2. Set Point-the particular level of weight the body strives to maintain (obese individuals set points are higher) 3. Metabolism-rate at which the body burns calories (people have differing rates of metabolism) • Psychological Explanations • Media-advertisements describing food and restaurants • Eating for Emotional reasons- to get rid of unhappy feelings, rewards for good behavior, food as center of social interactions
Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
A closer look at Leptin • Leptin (from the Greek leptos, meaning thin) is a protein hormone with important effects in regulating body weight, metabolism and reproductive functions. • Leptin is an important component in the long term regulation of body weight. • Leptin provides the body with an index of nutritional status. • Leptin appears to be an appetite suppressant. It stops you from eating too much. As well as makes you more active so you burn more energy.
THIRST Osmotic Thirst- Level of fluid inside cell body Volumetric thirst- Level of fluid outside cell body
Social Rules and Cultural Traditions • External Motives
EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa- person is significantly underweight yet feels “fat” and is obsessed with weight loss Bulimia Nervosa- marked by repeated binge-purge episodes and weight fluctuations
Social Motives Achievement, Affiliation, Power, Aggression and Conflict
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION- a learned motive that promotes the individual to find challenging tasks at which to succeed
Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation • Internal motivation-motivation giving an individual satisfaction in and of itself • External motivation-motivation coming from a source outside oneself • Parenting Characteristics that enhance achievement motivation • Encourage children to attempt difficult tasks • Provide strategies for success • Give praise and appropriate rewards for success • Cultural Influences • Collectivist societies encourage group success • Individualistic societies encourage individual success • People Vary in Need for Achievement (refer to motivation theories) • Management Styles • Theory X/Theory Y
Theory X-Theory Y Management Style • Theory X managers assume that workers are lazy, error prone and extrinsically motivated by money. • Theory Y managers assume that people are intrinsically motivated, have pride in their work and fulfill their potential. • What type of manager might you be? • Reference: Michaelson, L. K. and Neuliep, J. W. • Myers ancillary
How might we measure achievement? • You can take a subjective test as some previous given. • OR. . . • You might take a projective test. • Try this!
