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POST WORLD WAR II

POST WORLD WAR II. PRESIDENT TRUMAN, EISENHOWER AND KENNEDY. GERMAN OCCUPATION ZONES. GREAT BRITAIN. USSR. FRANCE. UNITED STATES. COLD WAR.

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POST WORLD WAR II

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  1. POST WORLD WAR II PRESIDENT TRUMAN, EISENHOWER AND KENNEDY

  2. GERMAN OCCUPATION ZONES GREAT BRITAIN USSR FRANCE UNITED STATES

  3. COLD WAR • COLD WAR STARTED WHEN SOVIET TROOPS AND THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT FAILED TO LIVE UP TO THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE.—POLAND, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, RUMANIA, BULGARIA • EASTERN EUROPE BECAME COMMUNIST.—SOVIET SATELLITE NATIONS—BUFFER BETWEEN THE “WEST” AND THE USSR. • TRUMAN’S FOREIGN POLICY—”CONTAINMENT” AKA THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE WAS ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM. • ”IRON CURTAIN” • -- FIRST USED IN TURKEY AND GREECE • MARSHALL PLAN 1947 $13 BILLION AID TO 16 WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. • SEC. OF STATE GEORGE MARSHALL (WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE IN 1953.) • RESULTED IN A DIVIDED GERMANY AND BERLIN. EAST AND WEST. • 1948—BERLIN AIRLIFT—USSR BLOCKADED TRUCK AND RAIL ACCESS TO BERLIN FOR 327 DAYS. • FORMATION OF NATO IN 1949 (12 COUNTRIES) [NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION] • SOVIETS RESPONDED WITHT THE WARSAW PACT.

  4. RED SCARE AND KOREA • 1948 TRUMAN WINS ELECTION • “FAIR DEAL” PROGRAM • 1949—NEW RED SCARE— • 1948-1949 ALGER HISS case • 1949– Dennis v. US, 1949.– Communist conspiracy case • 1949– USSR detonates their 1st atomic bomb • 1949– Congress overrides Truman’s veto of McCarran Internal Security Act • -- 1949 CHINA BECAME COMMUNIST—MAO ZEDONG DEFEATED PRO-WEST FORCES LED BY CHIANG KAI-SHEK. • CHIANG KAI-SHEK’S FORCES FLED TO TAIWAN. • 1950-- McCARTHY HEARINGS BEGIN • 1951-- Rosenberg Trial • KOREAN WAR • POST-WW2 KOREA DIVIDED AT 38TH PARALLEL. • 1950—NORTH KOREA ATTACKED SOUTH KOREA • UN POLICE ACTION—GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR • UN TROOPS PUSHED NORTH KOREAN FORCES BACK TO THE YALU RIVER. • NOV. 1950—CHINESE TROOPS ATTACKED AMERICANS IN NORTH KOREA • MacARTHUR REQUESTED A NUCLEAR ATTACK ON CHINA. • TRUMAN RELIEVED MacARTHUR OF COMMAND • KOREA STALEMATED– JULY 27, 1953 TRUCE SIGNED • 1991 NON-AGGRESSION TREATY NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA • -

  5. THE MIDDLE EAST • THE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL • The Holocaust led to the creation of a Jewish homeland. It had been promised at the end of WW1 by England. • Post WW2 100,000s of Jews from Europe migrated to Palestine. • 1947 a civil war broke out between the Jewish settlers and Arabs that lived there. The Jews won. In 1948 Israel asked the UN to recognize their independence. – May 14, 1948. • Arab nations of the Middle East did not recognize its independence. • Conflict is on-going in the Middle East over Israel’s right to exist. • Israel impacted the Cold War– US became Allies of Israel and the Soviets supported the Arab nations. • THE ELECTION OF EISENHOWER 1952 • “IKE” was elected president in 1952 by defeating the Democrat Adlai Stevenson. Ike’s campaign was based on stopping Communism and Soviet aggression.—”New Look” Foreign Policy • Eisenhower believed in the “Domino Theory”.—John Foster Dulles • Military aid, both overt and covert– “Brinksmanship”, critics--“MAD”

  6. EXAMPLES OF IKE’S “BRINKMANSHIP” • 1953—CIA led a revolt against Communist leader in Iran. • 1953– France abandoned Vietnam after losing to Communists at Dien Bien Phu. • 1954– Formosa Crisis • New alliances formed SEATO, ANZUS, CENTO, OAS • 1954– Paris Conference (US, ENG, Fr) • 1955– Geneva Summit Conference • 1956– Hungarian Revolt • 1956– Suez Crisis • 1957 Eisenhower introduced the “Eisenhower Doctrine”– the US would aid any country in the Middle East in their fight against Communist aggression. • 1958—US sent troops into Lebanon. • EISENHOWER AND KHRUSHCHEV • Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the USSR after Stalin died in1953. • Eisenhower made an effort to meet with Khrushchev and relations warmed, but in 1958 the USSR again tried to drive the Allies out of Berlin. • They met in Moscow and Washington– nuclear treaties. • May 1960, US surveillance (spy) plane (U-2) piloted by Col. Gary Powers was shot down over Russia. US denied it, Russia produced photos of the plane and the captured pilot, US apologized but it hurt US credibility. • 1960 Khrushchev speaks before UN and says, “He will bury us”.

  7. DOMESTIC ISSUES • Eisenhower Prosperity. • 1954– McCarthy hearings end. • 1954-56 Beginnings of modern Civil Rights Movement. • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954. • 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott—Rosa Parks • 1956 “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” published. • 1956 Martin Luther King, Jr. organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). 1955– Eisenhower has 1st heart attack. 1955– AFL-CIO merger. 1955– Jonas Salk discovers vaccine for polio. 1956– McDonalds Corporation started Ray Kroc, San Diego, Cal. 1956– National Highway Act– Interstate highway system.

  8. EISENHOWER’S 2ND TERM • In 1956 Eisenhower easily won re-election. • 1957 the “Space Race” begins: • Oct. 1957 USSR launches 1st satellite—Sputnik I, then Sputnik II • US response: • Prestige hurt— • 1. military inferior to Soviets • 2. US incapable of defending itself from Soviet missile attack • Congress passed the National Defense Education Act • NASA created-- Jan. 1958 US launched Explorer I • Eisenhower warned US of the “military-industrial complex” ELECTION OF 1960 Dem. John F. Kennedy (Mass)--senator Rep. Richard M. Nixon (Calif)– vice-president TV debates– civil rights Kennedy’s youth, religion and political inexperience v. Nixon’s conservatism. Kennedy won. Youngest to be elected, 1st Catholic

  9. PRESIDENCIES OF JFK AND LBJ • PRESIDENCY OF JOHN F. KENNEDY: (1961-1963) • 1. “BAY OF PIGS” INVASION • A. Fidel Castro - Cuba a Communist country in 1959 and allied it with the USSR • B. Pres. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to train anti-Castro, ex-Cubans for an invasion of Cuba. • C. JFK gave the go ahead April 1961, it turned into a humiliating failure. Bay of Pigs Invasion • D. Vienna Summit Conference– Khrushchev labeled JFK as a “child” and weak. • 2. JFK ordered a build-up of the armed forces. • 3. Russia completed the Berlin Wall– JFK made “Ich bien Berliner” speech. • 4. “The Cuban Missile Crisis”– Oct. 1962 • A. US U-2 planes photographed Soviet offensive missiles on Cuba. • B. JFK (using the Monroe Doctrine) authorized a naval blockade of Cuba. • C. For 13 days the world was on the brink of nuclear war. • D. It was Khrushchev that ultimately backed down. • E. As a result in 1963 US-USSR signed a comprehensive test-ban treaty and installed the “hot-line” between the Kremlin and the WH.

  10. THE KENNEDY YEARS • YOUTH CULTURE • Due to the prosperity of the 1950s teenagers viewed life differently. • Became materialistic– movies, records, radios— • Mo Town, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and the “British Invasion”. • Led to the “counterculture” of the hippie movement for cultural change. • THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 1964. • James Meredith– Univ. of Mississippi • Gov. George Wallace standing in the doorway Univ. of Alabama • Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides: • Feb. 1960– Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s. • April 1960– Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) created. • 1961– CORE founded (Congress of Racial Equality)– earlier the S. Ct. ruled segregation illegal in bus stations used for interstate travel. • CORE tested that decision with “Freedom Rides”– peaceful until the “riders” reached Anniston, Ala. and Jackson, Miss.

  11. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CONTINUED 1961-1963 • 1963 BIRMINGHAM POLICE RIOT • 1963 JFK DELIVERS “CIVIL RIGHTS” SPEECH • AUG. 1963 “MARCH ON WASHINGTON” “I have a dream…” • CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND SUPREME COURT DECISIONS: • 1961– 23 AMENDMENT RATIFIED– CITIZENS OF DC HAVE RIGHT TO VOTE IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS. • 1962, 1963, 1964 JUDICIAL ACTIVISM “WARREN COURT” • ENGEL V. VITALE, 1962. • GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT, 1963. • MAPP V. OHIO, 1963. • MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, 1963. • REYNOLDS V. SIMS, 1964. • LOVING V. VIRGINIA, 1965 • ROE V. WADE, 1965 (1973). • OTHER DOMESTIC POLICIES: • 1961-1963 US GOES OFF THE SILVER STANDARD– “FIAT” MONEY. • “NEW FRONTIER” PROGRAMS ENACTED: • MINIMUM WAGE INCREASED TO $1.25/HR. • MANPOWER RETRAINING ACT PASSED. • AREA REDEVELOPMENT ACT PASSED

  12. SPACE RACE CONTINUES • JFK promises that by the end of the 1960s the US will put a man on the moon. • JAN 1961– US LAUNCHES A CHIMPANZEE INTO SPACE.. 6.5 MINUTE FLIGHT. • APRIL 1961– RUSSIAN COSMONAUT YURI GAGARIN MAKES FIRST MANNED SPACE FLIGHT– 1 ORBIT. • MAY 1961– US ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPARD MAKES AMERICA’S FIRST SPACE FLIGHT– SUBORBITAL—PROJECT MERCURY. • JUNE 1961– RUSSIAN COSMONAUT 17 ORBIT FLIGHT. • JULY 1961– ASTRONAUT GUS GRISSOM 2ND SUBORBITAL FLIGHT, CAPSULE SUNK UPON LANDING. • FEB. 1962—ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN 3 ORBIT FLIGHT • PEACE CORPS CREATED • AMERICAN BUILD-UP IN LAOS AND VIET NAM • NOV. 1963 JOHN KENNEDY ASSASSINATED • DALLAS, TEXAS • LEE HARVEY OSWALD • JACK RUBY • LYNDON B. JOHNSON-- PRESIDENT

  13. LBJ’S ADMINISTRATION 1963-1965 • DOMESTIC ISSUES • 1. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: • 1964– FREEDOM SUMMER– BLACK VOTER REGISTRATION DRIVE IN MISSISSIPPI.– JUNE- 3 CIVIL RIGHTS WORKERS BEATEN AND KILLED BY KKK, 21 ACCUSED, ONE OF WHICH WAS THE LOCAL SHERIFF. ALL WHITE JURY FOUND THEM NOT GUILTY. • 1964– 24TH AMENDMENT– OUTLAWED POLL TAXES (LATER COURT DECISIONS USED THIS AMENDMENT TO OUTLAW LITERACY TESTS AND GRANDFATHER CLAUSES), RESTORED THE 15TH AMENDMENT. • 2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 • PROHIBITED ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN PRIVATE BUSINESS AND PUBLIC FACILITIES. • ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES TO SPEED UP SCHOOL INTEGRATION. • EXPANDED THE POWERS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION. • CREATED THE EEOC (EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. • 3. WAR ON POVERTY • INCOME TAXES REDUCED. • JOB CORPS AND VISTA CREATED. • FEDERAL WORK-STUDY PROGRAM INITIATED. • COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMS STARTED. • OFFICE OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CREATED

  14. LBJ’s PRESIDENCY CONTINUED • Appalachia Bill– anti-poverty funds to 7 southern states. Created the Appalachian Regional Conference which established interstate cooperation to fight poverty. (Tenn., Ky, Va., NC, SC, Ga., Ala.) • FOREIGN AFFAIRS • SPACE RACE: • 1964– VOSKHOD I– 3 MAN CAPSULE; ALEKSEY LEONOV—1ST SPACE WALK. • INTERNATIONAL EVENTS: • PANAMA BROKE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS--PANAMA DEMANDED A NEW CANAL TREATY. • VIET NAM WAR EXPANDED: • AUG. 1964 GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT • CONGRESS PASSED GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION: • “PRESIDENT GRANTED ALL POWERS NECESSARY TO REPEL ANY ARMED ATTACK AGAINST US FORCES” • VIET CONG AND NVA FORCES ATTACK US AIRBASE AT PLEIKU. • LBJ ORDERED THE WIDESPREAD BOMBING OF N. VIET NAM. • PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1964: • CANDIDATES: • REPUB– BARRY GOLDWATER • DEMS– LYNDON JOHNSON • ISSUES: • SOCIAL SPENDING • VIETNAM • GOLDWATER’S EXTREMISM • RESULTS AND IMPORTANCE

  15. LBJ’s 2ND TERM 1965-1969 • DOMESTIC POLICIES: • “GREAT SOCIETY” (1965) • 1. MEDICARE ESTABLISHED– MEDICAL CARE FOR THE ELDERLY 65 AND OVER. • 2. MEDICAID ESTABLISHED– MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TO LOW INCOME PEOPLE. • 3. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES CREATED– PROMOTE CULTURAL AWARENESS AND ACTIVITIES • 4. IMMIGRATION QUOTA ELIMINATED. • 5. FEDERAL BLOCK GRANTS TO PUBLIC AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES– BASED ON THE NUMBER OF NEEDY STUDENTS. • 6. HOUSING ACT OF 1965– URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS, RENT SUBSIDIES • RESULTS: • 1. INFLATION INCREASED • 2. DEFICIT INCREASED • 3. BOOSTED THE ECONOMY

  16. 2ND TERM CONTINUED • 1965 25TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED: • PRESIDENT COULD APPOINT, WITH SENATE APPROVAL, A NEW VICE PRESIDENT IF THERE WAS A VACANCY. • DEFINED PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY • ALLOWED VP TO BECOME “ACTING” PRESIDENT IN THE EVENT THE PRESIDENT BECOMES DISABLED. • CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: • 1965 SELMA, ALABAMA VOTER REGISTRATION DRIVE/ MLK • POLICE USE TEARGAS AND WHIPS TO BREAK UP DEMOSTRATIONS • 2 KILLED BY KKK. • “COURT-ORDERED” BUSING TO ACHIEVE INTEGRATION. • 1967– THURGOOD MARSHALL APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT. • MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS CREATED: • BLACK MUSLIMS, BLACK PANTHERS • BLACK POWER MOVEMENT– STOKELY CARMICHAEL OF SNCC. • USE URBAN GUERRILA WARFARE AGAINST WHITE ESTABLISHMENT. • LED TO RIOTS IN CITIES 1965-1969. • ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS OF BLACK LEADERS: • 1965– MALCOLM X • 1966– JAMES MEREDITH (SURVIVED) • APRIL 4, 1968– MARTIN LUTHER KING– MEMPHIS, JAMES EARL RAY

  17. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CONTINUED: • AFTER THE ASSASSINATION OF MLK MASSIVE RIOTS BROKE OUT ACROSS THE USA. • PRODUCED A “WHITE BACKLASH” THAT HURT THE MOVEMENT. • AUG. 1965– FEDERAL VOTING RIGHTS ACT PASSED– FEDERAL VOTER REGISTRARS SENT TO 16 STATES, MOSTLY IN THE SOUTH. • CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1968: • OUTLAWED DISCRIMINATION IN THE RENTING, SELLING AND THE BUYING OF PRIVATE PROPERTY. • INCREASED FUNDING FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING. • FOREIGN AFFAIRS • SPACE RACE: • US TOOK THE LEAD— • MARCH 1965– PROJECT GEMINI (US) INITIATED. • JUNE 1965– AMERICA’S FIRST SPACE WALK. (ED WHITE) • DEC. 1965– 2 GEMINI SPACECRAFT GEMINI 6 AND 7 ARE PLACED INTO ORBIT AT THE SAME TIME. • NOV. 1966– LUNAR ORBITER II PHOTOGRAPHS ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE MOON. • JAN. 1967 APOLLO I BURNS ON LAUNCHING PAD– GRISSOM, WHITE AND CHAFEE KILLED– PROJECT HALTED FOR 1 YEAR. • OCT. 1968– APOLLO 7– AMERICA’S FIRST 3 MAN CAPSULE.

  18. SPACE RACE CONTINUED • DEC. 1968 APOLLO 8 ORBITED THE MOON. • JULY 1968 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TREATY SIGNED. US, RUSSIA AND 63 OTHER NATIONS.– STOP THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS. • 1965-1968 VIETNAM • MAR. 1965– OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER– REGULAR BOMBING RAIDS OF N. VIETNAM. • POW COUNT RISING. • DEC. 1965 200,000 TROOPS IN VIET NAM– GEN. WILLIAM WESTMORELAND NAMED GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF VIET NAM WAR.

  19. VIETNAM WAR CONTINUED • 1967 PUBLIC OPINION TURNED AGAINST THE WAR. • PROTEST MARCHES • DRAFT CARD BURNINGS • DRAFT DODGERS • RESULTING IN SEN. FULBRIGHT CONDUCTING A SENATE HEARING ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR. • DEC. 1967: TROOP STRENGTH IN VIET NAM 500,000/ DEATHS 30,000. • 1968: VIET NAM BECOMES AMERICA’S LONGEST WAR TO DATE. • CASUALTIES OVER 100,000. • LBJ TELLS AMERICA “HE SEES THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL” • JAN. 1968: COMMUNISTS LAUNCH “TET OFFENSIVE” • BIGGEST ATTACK OF THE WAR • LBJ IMMEDIATELY ORDERED 200,000 MORE MEN TO VIET NAM • TURNING POINT OF THE WAR • MAR. 1968 SEN. EUGENE McCARTHY (WISC) V. LBJ IN THE NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY. • McCARTHY WAS AN ANTI-WAR CANDIDATE. • MAR. 6, 1968: SEN. ROBERT KENNEDY (NY) ANNOUNCED HIS CANDIDACY FOR THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT. • JUNE 5, 1968: ROBERT KENNEDY KILLED AFTER WINNING THE CALIFORNIA PRIMARY. SIRHAN SIRHAN

  20. LBJ CONTINUED • MAR. 1968 LBJ ANNOUNCES “BROADCAST TO AMERICA” • A FREEZE ON TROOP LEVELS IN VIETNAM • GRADUAL REDUCTION OF TROOPS • CUT BACK IN BOMBING ON N. VIETNAM • **HE WOULD NOT SEEK RE-ELECTION FOR THE PRESIDENCY..HE WANTED TO DEVOTE IS EFFORTS TOWARD PEACE. • APRIL 1968– US SPY SHIP THE USS PUEBLO CAPTURED OFF COAST OF N. KOREA. 83 MEN TAKEN PRISONER, HELD AND TORTURED FOR NEXT 11 MONTHS. • RELEASED WHEN US APOLOGIZED FOR SPYING. • JUNE 1968 “SIX DAY WAR” • ISRAEL LAUNCHED SURPRISE ATTACK ON ALL ITS SURROUNDING COUNTRIES. • ISRAEL CAPTURED THE WEST BANK OF THE JORDAN, JERUSALEM, AND THE SINAI PENINSULA. • ISRAEL’S SUCCESS MADE AMERICA’S LACK OF SUCCESS IN VIET NAM LOOK BAD. • AUG. 1968– USSR INVADED CZECHOSLOVAKIA TO STOP THE REFORMS OF ALEXANDER DUBCEK.

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