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Animal Welfare Act

Animal Welfare Act. Animal Law Summer 2013. 1969 . Cuyahoga river – NE Ohio (to Lake Erie). 1969 . cuyahoga river. today. today. February 4, 1966. 1966: Laboratory Animal Welfare Act. Discourage pet theft Humane standards for 6 research animals ( but not research standards) [

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Animal Welfare Act

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  1. Animal Welfare Act Animal Law Summer 2013

  2. 1969 Cuyahoga river – NE Ohio (to Lake Erie)

  3. 1969 cuyahoga river

  4. today

  5. today

  6. February 4, 1966

  7. 1966: Laboratory Animal Welfare Act • Discourage pet theft • Humane standards for 6 research animals (but not research standards) [ USDA Sec’y APHIS

  8. 1970: Animal Welfare Act Expanded the scope of : animals protected standards to regulate animal: any warm-blooded animal , as the Secretary may determine is being used, or is intended for use, for research, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet excluded farm animals; horses not used in research APHIS reg : no birds, rats, or mice

  9. 1976 amendments prohibit animal fighting (birds: state law-dependent) regulate commercial transportation other uses: hunting, breeding, security

  10. 1985: Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act standards for animals’ care in research, including: dogs (exercise) non-human primates (well-being)* In research: • pain management • consideration of alternatives 7 U.S.C. sec. 2143

  11. amendments 1990: Food, Agric., Conservation & Trade Act injunctive relief and pet protection 2000: air travel protections

  12. Definition of animal ALDF v. Madigan, 781 F. Supp. 797 (D.D.C. 1992) arbitrary and capricious definition ALDF v. Espy, 23 F. 3d 496 (1994) no standing to sue* *ALDF v. Glickman, 154 F. 3d 426 (1998) (en banc)

  13. Definition of animal Alternatives Research & Dev. Found. v. Glickman, 101 F. Supp. 2d 7 (2000) victory! not so fast.... FY 2001, 2002 Appropriations bills

  14. 2002 amendments 1. bird fighting criminal prohibitions expanded 2. codified APHIS def. of animal

  15. 2007 amendment animal fighting: interstate commercial use of: 1. fighting instruments 2. “any instrumentality of . . . commercial speech for purposes of advertising an animal, or an instrument [as defined], for use in an animal fighting venture, promoting or . . . furthering an animal fighting venture” 7 U.S.C. 2156 Increased fines from $2500 to $10,000 per violation, per animal, per day

  16. amendments 2013 (112th Cong) – add to def. of “exhibitor” an owner of a common, domesticated household pet who derives less than a substantial portion of income from a nonprimary source ([as per Sec’y]) for exhibiting an animal that exclusively resides at the residence of the pet owner in 7 U.S.C. 2132(h)

  17. current bills (113th Congress) Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act of 2013 (H.R. 366, S. 666) Puppy Uniform Protection and Safety Act(H.R. 847, S. 395) Pet Safety & Protection Act of 2013 (H.R. 2224)

  18. TODAY: coverage • Animal fighting (criminal laws) • Breeders • Research • Entertainment • Animal Welfare Act sets federal baseline

  19. TODAY: not an “animal” • lab rats and mice • cold-blooded vertebrates (fish, frogs) • invertebrates (fruit flies, worms) • animals used for food

  20. U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

  21. Animal & Plant Health Inspection Services (ASPHIS)

  22. Annual Appropriations for Enforcement of the AWA

  23. Current AWA issues • Research (Chimpanzees) • Puppy Mills • Exotic Pets • Welfare of Animals in Sports, Entertainment • Litigation

  24. animals in research, ending chimpanzee research

  25. No rats, mice, birds • IACUCs/Records/Validation of necessity • Records may be available under FOIA (PCRM) • Note: some agencies have higher standards • Includes cosmetics, consumer products, veterinary schools... • Contract Research Organizations

  26. chimpanzees • National Institute of Health study

  27. Puppy mills

  28. Total Number of Pets Ownedin the U.S. (millions) Bird                              16.2 Cat                               86.4 Dog                              78.2 Equine                          7.9 Freshwater Fish        151.1 Saltwater Fish               8.61 Reptile                          13.0 Small Animal               16.0 TOTAL 377.41 (377,410,000)  * APPA 2011-2012 National Pet Owners Survey

  29. Regulation of dog breeders • exempt from AWA (sell directly to consumers) • internet • flea markets • Underfunded inspection/puppymills • State laws Oregon Humane Breeding Standards Penn. Puppy Mill law Arkansas, Alabama, New Jersey, Ohio (2013)

  30. Exotic pets

  31. exotic pets • exotic animals: millions in U.S. (monkeys, chimps, big cats, bears) • Game Farms, Preserves • subject only to state animal cruelty laws (maybe) • Tony the Tiger • documentaries: • The Tiger Next Door • The Elephant in the Living Room • Project Nim

  32. Animals Used in sporting

  33. spectator & participation sports • Dog racing & Horse racing • Animal fighting • Horse shows: dressage, jumping • Polo • Rodeos • Donkeyball & other novelties • Canned hunting • Misc., i.e.: • Alligator wrestling • Swimming with dolphins

  34. Dog racing tracks Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Rhode Island, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin

  35. Dog Racing & the AWA • exhibitors under the AWA • But exempt under the regulations (9 CFR § 1.1) • laws: ID, ME, NC, NV, VT, VA, WA, NH, PA • ballot initiatives (not available in all states) 2008 Mass • Grey2K, HSUS, ASPCA: $500,000 • Mass. Animal Interest Coalition (racing org.) : $400,000

  36. Horse Racing • exhibitors under the AWA • But exempt under the regulations (9 CFR § 1.1) • multi-billion dollar industry • estimated 800 deaths/year • UC Davis study: 1 in 6 injured in transport

  37. Rodeos • exempt from exhibitor under AWA & regs • 24 states exempt rodeos from cruelty laws • many bans by county, city • outright or with limitations; requirements

  38. "The rodeo folk send their animals to the packing house where...I have seen cattle so extensively bruised that the only areas where the skin was attached [to the body] was the head, neck, legs, and belly. I have seen animals with six to eight ribs broken from the spine and at times puncturing the lungs.” --C.J. Haber, veterinarian & 30-year USDA slaughterhouse meat inspector

  39. canned hunting (live) • half states allow • ~1000 facilities in US • half in Texas • 1 in Vermont • chronic wasting disease dangers • HR 2210: The Sportsmanship in Hunting Act http://video.humanesociety.org/video/1010446395001/

  40. AWA requirements of “exhibitors” Licensing & Recordkeeping General housing, handling, care is by animal

  41. Circuses (large) • Exhibitors under AWA • Possible state animal cruelty actions • but no private cause of action • Endangered Species Act • private cause of action (“taking”) • standing a problem (both) • see ASPCA v. FELD

  42. Zoos: AWA regs • whether for profit or not • minimal housing requirements • care & handling for “other warmblooded animals” 9 C.F.R. §§ 3.125 – 3.140 • Unprotected: fish, amphibians, reptiles • http://www.bornfree.org.uk/campaigns/zoo-check/

  43. Zoos • ESA: exemption for zoo animals • MMPA: education or conservation purposes receive permit to own • CITES: • no trading of listed species for primarily commercial purposes • non-commercial: private, education, training, biomedical and science, captive breeding

  44. Zoos • Self regulation (Assoc. of Zoos & Aquariums) • PETA v. U.S. Dept. of the Interior • Hagan v. Feld Entertainment

  45. Animals in TV, Movies, Internet, Publishing • providers covered under, and exempted by, the AWA and ESA as are circuses • wild-born chimps: endangered • captive-bred chimps: threatened • this allows for U.S. trade in captive-bred chimps while forbidding importation of wild chimps • pets • research • entertainment • see Wagman presentation at 2008 L&C conference (link on TWEN)

  46. other AWA exempted animals County Fairs • Animals as race contestants • i.e. pig races • Animals as prizes • i.e. goldfish in bag Animals in Parades Sports Mascots Animals in Sanctuaries (i.e. VINS) – educational exemption

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