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Adolescence. The transition period from childhood to adulthood. 3 Big Qs. Bio/Psycho/Social. Lifespan Development!. Bio/Psycho/Social. Pre-natal, Infancy, Childhood. Adulthood & Death. Types of Studies. Adolescence. Social. Bio. Psycho. *Puberty
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Adolescence The transition period from childhood to adulthood.
3 Big Qs Bio/Psycho/Social Lifespan Development! Bio/Psycho/Social Pre-natal, Infancy, Childhood Adulthood & Death Types of Studies Adolescence Social Bio Psycho *Puberty *Primary v. Secondary Sexual Characteristics *Brain Development We are here
Puberty • The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Primary Sexual Characteristics • Body structures that make reproduction possible. Penis Testes Vagina Ovaries
Secondary Sexual Characteristics • Non-reproductive sexual characteristics. Body Hair Widening of the Hips Breast Development Deeper Voice
When does puberty start?The Landmarks • First ejaculation for boys • Menarche for girls Do we remember these things?
Why is Puberty Beginning Earlier in Girls? • http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/puberty-beginning-earlier-girls-so-what-can-parents-do-180953738/?no-ist&utm_content=bufferb5f69&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer
Brain Development • Frontal Lobe maturation lags behind the emotional limbic system • Remember Phineas Gage! • Explains impulsive behavior (emotional storms!) • Not fully equipped for long-term decision making either • Why many teens smoke • Juvenile death penalty • Should the driving age be raised?
3 Big Qs Bio/Psycho/Social Lifespan Development! Bio/Psycho/Social Pre-natal, Infancy, Childhood Adulthood & Death Types of Studies Adolescence Social Bio Psycho *Puberty *Primary v. Secondary Sexual Characteristics *Brain Development *Reasoning Ability *Formal Operational Thought *Moral Thinking (Kohlberg) We are here
Moral Development Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!
Ethics v Morals • An ethical man knows he shouldn’t cheat on his wife. A moral man doesn’t cheat on his wife.
Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality • Preconventional Morality • Conventional Morality • Postconventional Morality
Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level I: Pre-conventional: Egocentric orientation focusing on moral consequences for the self; reasoning found until about 10 years of age Moral reasoning based on immediate consequences for the individual. An act is moral if a person isn’t punished for it. It is immoral if the person is punished. 1: Punishment - Obedience 2: Individualism and Exchange Moral reasoning based on reciprocity. An act is moral if a similar act occurs in return (i.e. satisfies own needs)
Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level II: Conventional: Moral reasoning linked to perspectives of, and concerns for, others (i.e. loyalty, obeying the law, family obligation); typical of 10 to 20 yr olds. 3: Good boy-nice girl Moral reasoning based on concern for others or the opinions of others. An act is moral if others demonstrate similar acts, or it helps others (i.e. behavior likely to please others) 4: Law and Order Moral reasoning based on rules, laws, and orderly society. An act is moral if it follows rules or promotes an orderly society.
Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level III: Post-conventional. Reasoning transcends society’s rules; reflects an understanding that rules sometimes need to be changed/ignored. Moral reasoning based on principled agreements among people. An act is moral if it is consistent with a principled agreement. (ex: Bill of Rights) 5: Social Contract Moral reasoning based on abstract principles. An act is moral if it is consistent with an abstract principle that transcends an individual’s society. 6: Universal Ethical
Preconventional Morality • Morality of self- interest • Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.
Conventional Morality Morality is based upon obeying laws to • Maintain social order • To gain social approval
Postconventional Morality • Morality based on your own ethical principles.
Practice: Heinz Dilmema • In a country in Africa, a woman was near death from a very bad disease, a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a pharmacist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the pharmacist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could get together only $500. He told the pharmacist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the pharmacist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. Was Heinz right or wrong to steal the drug? Explain your answer.
The Heinz Dilemma: Preconventional Morality 1. Avoids punishment—“Heinz’s father-in-law might make big trouble for him if he let his wife die.” 2. Gains rewards—“Heinz will have someone to fix fine dinners for him if his wife lives.” Conventional Morality 3. Gains approval/avoids disapproval—“What would people think of Heinz if he lets his wife die?” 4. Does duty to support society/avoids dishonor or guilt—“Heinz must live up to his marriage vow of protecting his wife.” Postconventional Morality 5. Affirms agreed-upon rights—“Everyone agrees that people have the right to live.” 6. Abstract, autonomous moral principle—“Saving a life takes precedence over everything else, including the law.”
Criticisms of Kohlberg • Carol Gilligan pointed out that Kohlberg only tested boys. • Boys tend to have more absolute value of morality. • Girls tend to look at situational factors.
Talk is CheapHow do we turn morality into action? • Teach Empathy • Self-discipline to delay gratification • Model moral behavior (service learning)
Cognitive Development • Experience formal operational thought • Have the ability to reason but…….
Social Development Its all about forming an identity!!!
Erik Erikson • A neo-Freudian • Worked with Anna Freud • Thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others. • Stages of Psychosocial Development. • Each stage centers on a social conflict.
