1 / 137

The Spatial & Temporal Constraint Component of β diversity: here, there, & everywhere

The Spatial & Temporal Constraint Component of β diversity: here, there, & everywhere. Part 1: An introduction to β diversity Scale: grain & extent What is β diversity? The Two Pillars and Two Components of β diversity Niche difference or Gradient β Spatial & Temporal Constraint β

hova
Download Presentation

The Spatial & Temporal Constraint Component of β diversity: here, there, & everywhere

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Spatial & Temporal ConstraintComponent ofβ diversity: here, there, & everywhere • Part 1: An introduction to βdiversity • Scale: grain & extent • What is β diversity? • The Two Pillars and Two Components of β diversity • Niche difference or Gradient β • Spatial & Temporal Constraint β • Part 2: Examples of Spatial & Temporal Constraint βdiversity at large scales • Diversity in North Temperate forests • Narrow endemism in eastern North America

  2. α,β,γ,δ diversity • Most famous from the papers of Whittaker and MacArthur in the 1960s • As we will see, β is different than the others • And these 4 Greek symbols represent just two concepts: • Inventory Diversity • Differentiation diversity

  3. Scale: Grain & Extent

  4. Scale: Grain & Extent Grain: α,γ,δ Extent: β

  5. Scale: Grain & Extent For nested samples, Extent incr. with grain by way of the Pythagorean Theorem Extent/area sampled: 1.4/1, 4.2/9, 7.1/25 2/2, 3/2, 5/2 Grain: α,γ,δ Extent: β

  6. Scale: Grain & Extent For nested samples, Extent incr. with grain by way of the Pythagorean Theorem Extent/area sampled: 1.4/1, 4.2/9, 7.1/25 2/2, 3/2, 5/2 Many estimates of spp-grain (area) relation; few of spp-extent relation

  7. Grain, extent, & sampling

  8. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ Differentiation Diversity β

  9. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ αCommunity Differentiation Diversity β

  10. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ αLandscape Differentiation Diversity β

  11. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ αRegion Differentiation Diversity β

  12. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ Differentiation Diversity β

  13. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ Differentiation Diversity βSmall Extent βLandscape βGradient

  14. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ Differentiation Diversity βLarge extent βRegion

  15. β diversity measures • β= γ / α…and many others αγ

  16. β diversity measures • β = γ / α…and many others • β = the distance decay of similarity Similarity = c / (a + b – c) and others The first law of geography: the similarity between two observations decreases or decays with distance Sd = S0 e-cd, d is distance, c is the rate of distance decay, S0 is the initial similarity a cb

  17. The Two Pillars of Ecological Explanation The Niche Difference Model The Model of Spatial & Temporal Constraint

  18. The Two Pillars of Ecological Explanation The Niche Difference Model: Niche differences, Environmental gradients, & disturbances explain distribution

  19. The Two Pillars of Ecological Explanation The Model of Spatial & Temporal Constraint: Size & isolation of habitats implying also time explain distribution

  20. The rate of distance decay, c, varies with Two traits of environment & Two traits of organisms: Environment Organismtraits AdaptationGradients Niche Movement Resistance Vagility

  21. The rate of distance decay, c, varies with Two traits of environment & Two traits of organisms: Environment Organism traits AdaptationGradients Niche Movement Resistance Vagility

  22. The rate of distance decay, c, varies with Two traits of environment & Two traits of organisms: Environment Organism traits Adaptation Gradients Niche MovementResistance Vagility Two relationships between organisms & environment: Adaptation & Movement Shortly: The Two Pillars of Ecological Explanation

  23. The rate of distance decay, c, varies with Two traits of environment & Two traits of organisms: Environment Organism traits Adaptation Gradients Niche MovementResistance Vagility Two relationships between organisms & environment: Adaptation & Movement The Two Pillars of Ecological Explanation

  24. Spatial extent & distance decay Extent correlates with similarity decay in two ways! The two components of beta diversity: As Distance Niche Difference Environmental similarity Spatial & Temporal Constraint Barriers to dispersal Time needed to saturate Similarity

  25. 2 Kinds of Diversity Inventory Diversity α, γ, δ Differentiation Diversity β βGradient βSpatial & Temporal Constraint

  26. Diversity patterns in North temperate forests Explanations of distribution The Niche Difference Model The Model of Spatial & Temporal Constraint

  27. Explanations of species richness patterns 1st Pillar: Energy-Diversity Theory Species richness is self-limiting, in equilibrium with environment (energy availability), & convergent in similar environments (at similar energies).

  28. Explanations of species richness patterns 1st Pillar: Energy-Diversity Theory Species richness is self-limiting, in equilibrium with environment (energy availability), & convergent in similar environments (at similar energies). All you need to know is current environment (energy availability)!

  29. Energy-Diversity Theory AET > Latitude Currie & Paquin 1987 Nature 329, 326-327 Data only for North American trees at grain sizes of ca 2.5 degr Lat x 2.5 degr Long Tree Spp AET

  30. Energy-Diversity Theory r2=.76 Residuals=Elevation, coastal proximity not climate variability or glacial history Currie & Paquin 1987 Nature 329, 326-327 Data only for North American trees at grain sizes of ca 2.5 degr Lat x 2.5 degr Long Tree Spp AET

  31. Energy-Diversity Theory Currie & Paquin 1987 Nature 329, 326-327 The equation for No America predicts tree richness in Europe—no glacial extinctions need be invoked—but predictions often 10-20% off. Tree Spp AET

  32. Explanations of species richness patterns 2nd Pillar: Historic Biogeography Species richness is a function of the constraints of time & space.

  33. Explanations of species richness patterns 2nd Pillar: Historic Biogeography Species richness is a function of the constraints of time & space. Not predictable from current environment (unless environment and history are themselves correlated)!

  34. The question of intercontinental convergence in similar environments: Temperate forests in East Asia & Eastern North America Japan

  35. Acer From Ricklefs & Latham 1993 Quercus Prunus Crataegus Carpinus Sorbus Fraxinus Carya Populus Malus Alnus

  36. Walnut Maakia Basswood Ash Elm Chestnut oak Red maple Mulberry Phelodendron Striped maple Cherry Sugar maple Elm Asian maples Silver maple Birch Holly Beech Poplar White pine Birch Hawthorn

  37. Magnolia, Liriodendron Nyssa Carya Pachysandra Buckleya, Catalpa, Cladrastis, Epigaea, Gleditsia, Gymnocladus, Halesia, Itea, Menispermum, Mitchella, Pieris, Pyrularia, Sassafras, Wisteria Adlumia, Astilbe, Caulophyllum, Diphyleia, Hydrastis, Jeffersonia, Panax, Phryma, Podophyllum, Shortia, Tipularia

  38. Supragenera: Calycanthus, Chimonanthus Subgenera: Striped maples

  39. Magnolia, Nyssa

  40. Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa

  41. Hamamelidaceae Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa

  42. Clintonia, Torreya, Tsuga, Trillium Hamamelidaceae Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa

  43. Acer, Cornus, Aesculus, Cercis Clintonia, Torreya, Tsuga, Trillium Hamamelidaceae Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa

  44. Acer, Cornus, Aesculus, Cercis Clintonia, Torreya, Tsuga, Trillium Hamamelidaceae Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa

  45. Acer, Cornus, Aesculus, Cercis Clintonia, Torreya, Tsuga, Trillium Hamamelidaceae Fagus, Ostrya, Tilia Magnolia, Nyssa In well-developed genera, E Asia=2x E No America

  46. Diversity Patterns • The Challenges of Demonstrating a Diversity Anomaly: Scale Dependence & Environmental Differences • Empirical Results & Interpretation: • Ricklefs, Qian & White 2004 • Qian & White, unpublished • Qian, Ricklefs & White 2004 • Causes

  47. Similar Environments, different richness: A Diversity Anomaly! EAsia>ENAmer 1.3-2x as many species! BUT these numbers depend on scale and range of latitudes!

  48. Problem 1: Scale dependence!

More Related