Module Outline: Imaging Basics

2. This presentation contains information in the slidesand notes pages – please review in Normal View

3. Module Outline: Imaging Basics • Highlight key events in the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Explain radiological orientations, directions & conventions This module will …

4. Module Author: Imaging Basics Andrew Farrall Dr Farrall came to the Division of Clinical Neurosciences in 2002 from Canada, where he trained as a Radiologist in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He obtained an MD in 1997 from the University of Calgary in Alberta, an MSc in 1995 from the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, and a BSc (Hons) from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver in 1990. He has part time appointments as a Fellow at the University of Edinburgh and as a Consultant Neuroradiologist in the NHS, with sessions at the Western General Hospital & at St. John's Hospital. His main interests are in Stroke Neuroradiology & the role of Magnetic Resonance in its investigation. Lacunar stroke, dementias & small vessel disease form the core of his research. He is also interested in teaching issues in Neuroradiology.

5. The slides that follow are those used for the final presentation

8. Objectives: • Highlight key events in the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Explain radiological orientations, directions & conventions

9. Prerequisites: • There are no pre-requisites for this session

10. Brief Historical Outline X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 which is generally accepted as being the birth of radiology. Since that time, X-ray radiology technology has taken advantage of technological advancements in image capture & representation, and also has evolved with computing advances. Also, other techniques for imaging have been developed, some using radiation and others not. What follows is a timeline summary of some key events in the history of imaging.

11. Imaging Orientation & Direction “Superior” refers to anything above your point of reference, where above means in a direction towards the top of the head e.g. the nose is superior to the lips “Inferior” refers to anything below your point of reference, where below means in a direction towards the feet e.g. the lips are inferior to the nose. Superiorly Inferiorly

12. Image Conventions Skull X-ray Superior By convention, when we view images, we look at them as though we are actually looking at the patient “face-to-face”. Therefore, the RIGHT side of a radiological image as you look at it is the patient’s LEFT side; the LEFT side of a radiological image is the patient’s RIGHT side. Often a marker “R” or “L” embedded in the film indicates which is the patient’s right or left. Patient’s left side Patient’s right side Inferior

13. Modern Imaging Departments Imaging techniques used in modern imaging departments can be divided into those which use ionizing radiation and those which do not. Radiation No Radiation

14. Modern Imaging Departments Two commonly used techniques which do not use ionizing radiation to create images are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US). Radiation No Radiation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound

15. Imaging Orientation & Direction “Lateral” refers to anything lying towards the sides, left or right, relative to your point of reference “Medial” refers to anything lying towards a plane running through the middle of the body, dividing it into left and right halves e.g. the nose lies medially to the eyes. Laterally right Laterally left Medial

16. Summary • Outline the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Identify which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Distinguish between techniques which use ionizing radiation • Understand radiological orientations, directions & convention You should now be able to:

18. End of presentation

19. Module Resources: Imaging Basics • Books • Huda W, Stone R, Review of radiologic physics. Williams & Wilkins, Media, PA, 1995.

20. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matching): (1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event:

21. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event:

22. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Ranking): (2) Put the following events into the correct order:

23. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (2) Put the following events into the correct order:

24. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matrix): (3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle:

25. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answers: (3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle:

26. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Multiple response): (4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation to create images: SPECT MRI CT PET Ultrasound

27. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation to create images: SPECT MRI CT PET Ultrasound

28. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Multiple response): • Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of radiating isotopes to create images:

29. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: • Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of radiating isotopes to create images:

30. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (True/False): (6) With reference to the image of the head: a b c d e

31. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (6) With reference to the image of the head: a b c d e

32. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (True/False): (7) With reference to the image of the head: b a c d e

33. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (7) With reference to the image of the head: b a c d e

34. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): (8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images: Ground or Floor Supine Prone Upright or erect

35. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images: Upright or erect Prone Supine Ground or Floor

36. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): • Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed • frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Right Left

37. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: • Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed • frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations: Superior Anterior Posterior Right Left Inferior

38. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): • Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed axial head CT image in the appropriate locations: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Right Left

39. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: • Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed axial head CT image in the appropriate locations: Anterior Superior Right Left Inferior Posterior

40. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Fill in the blank): (11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of the skull X-ray illustrated below is: ________________

41. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of the skull X-ray illustrated below is: lateral

42. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matrix): (12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane:

43. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane: