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States of Matter

States of Matter. How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance?. Thermal Energy interactive Video – Investigate at home Video molecules in motion. Temperature. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules in a system. Temp. measures how “hot” something is.

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States of Matter

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  1. States of Matter

  2. How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance? • Thermal Energy interactive Video – Investigate at home • Video molecules in motion

  3. Temperature • Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules in a system. • Temp. measures how “hot” something is.

  4. Temperature Scales • Fahrenheit (English system) • Water freezes at 32⁰ F and boils at 212⁰ F. • Celsius • freezing point of water is 0⁰ C, and boiling point is 100⁰ C. • Kelvin (scale that is based on energy content) • At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. • Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

  5. 4 States of Matter • Matter can move from one phase to another. • When temp. goes up, matter becomes more excited and active. • As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

  6. 4 States/Phases of Matter • Solids • Liquids • Gases • Plasmas

  7. What is a solid? • Solids have a • definite shape • definite volume. • Molecules are tightly packed • Cannot move freely, can only vibrate • Energy and temp. are very low

  8. Solids are broadly characterized as • Crystalline Solids- Repeating pattern Examples Ghost crystals crystals in rocks Salt rock candy Copper Sulfate • Amorphous Solids- - Non-repeating pattern Examples Wax play dough hand putty peanut butter Gum clay

  9. What is a liquid? Liquids have • no definite shape (take shape of container in which it is held) • Definite volume. • Molecules are closely packed, but move more than in a solid • Energy and temp. are higherthan in solids

  10. What is a Gas? • Have indefinite and unstable shape • No definite volume, volume determined by container • Molecules are far apart and have lots of freedom of movement. • Energy and temperature are higher than those of both solids and liquids. • Gases diffuse (move from higher concentrations to lower) • Heat will increase the rate of diffusion.

  11. What is plasma? • Ionized Gas-- a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from the atoms • This is an extreme gas! Strikes the other atoms so forcefully it knocks off an electron! • Particles are very far apart and moving like CRAZY! • Super-heated, super-excited!

  12. Plasma Examples Neon Signs Our Sun, the core of stars Lightning Plasma TV Aurora Borealis plasma balls Plasma Cutters

  13. A Phase Change • A "phase" describes a physical state of matter. • If energy is added (like increasing the temperature) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something), you have created a physical change.

  14. A Phase Change • A compound or element can move from one phase to another, but still be the same substance. • It may require extreme temperatures or extreme pressures, but it can be done. 

  15. Melting SOLID  LIQUID • Melting Point - the temperature at which matter changes from solid to liquid, (e.g. The melting point of water from ice to liquid water is 0 °C)

  16. Evaporation LIQUID  GAS • Boiling a liquid to form a gas is called vaporization. Super Heated Steam Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFnNK9fNdls

  17. Evaporation How does evaporation differ from vaporization?

  18. Vaporization, Boiling, Evaporation

  19. Boiling vs. Evaporation

  20. Sublimation SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice

  21. Condensation GAS  LIQUID Examples: Glass of ice water Bathroom mirror after shower Dew on grass.

  22. Freezing or Solidification LIQUID  SOLID Water is the only known substance that expands as it freezes. Most substances contract.

  23. Deposition GAS  SOLID Examples: Frost on glass- Water vapor becoming a solid

  24. Pressure and Phase Change • If lowering the temperature won’t get a liquid to change to a solid just apply pressure. • By applying pressure you are “pushing” the molecules together.

  25. Thermal Expansion • Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. Examples: Sidewalk cracking Bridges Demo – Hand Boiler

  26. Heating and Cooling Curves • Heating Curve Link

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