Prokaryotic cells

1. Prokaryotic cells

2. Program • Basic of the optical microscopy • Prokaryotes cell organization and metabolism • Archea vs. Bacteria and Eukaryotes • Endosymbiotic theory • Bacteria harmful and helpful • Cyanobacteria: native preparation • Gram staining of bacteria (fix preparation) • Submicroscopic structure of prokaryotes • Fingerprint on agar plate and water analysis • Resistance to antibiotics

3. Optical microscopy

4. Structure of prokaryotic cells • unicellular organisms • NO organelles • 5 essential structural components: • Genome (DNA) • Ribosomes • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Surface layer • Can have • flagella or pilli • Plasmids (antibiotic resistance, virulence, or gene transfer mechanisms)

6. Metabolic diversity • alcohol fermentation • lactic acid fermentation • aerobic respiration • oxygenic photosynthesis • Lithotrophy (inorganic compounds as sources of energy) • Methanogenesis (fatty acids>>>CH4) • etc Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes Only prokaryotes

7. Archea

8. Archea vs. Bacteria and vs. eukaryotes • Similar to bacteria: • Cell structure and metabolism • Similar to eukaryotes: • Some protein factors in transcription and translation • Unique for archea: • Different lipids in membrane>>>>membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids {R-O-R} (there are glycerol-ester {R-O-C(=O)-R} lipids in eukaryotes and bacteria ) • Different wall then bacteria (Peptidoglycan)/ archea have Pseudopeptidoglycan • Sometimes extreme environment (halophiles, thermophiles and acidophiles) • Specific introns

9. movie: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/organelles.html Endosymbiotic theory

10. Gram positive gram negative

11. Gram staining G+ G- Crystal Violet Iodine Solution Decolourizer (ethanol) Safranin

12. Bacterial classification from the human perspective Beneficial to man: • Symbiotic (digestion, immunity, vitamin synthesis…) • Application in food-processing (yogurts…) • Application in industry (metal leaching, decontamination…) • Application in agriculture (symbiosis with plants – nitrogen fixation from the air) • Etc… Unfavorable for human life: • Human pathogens (diseases) • Pathogens to livestock, poultry and crop-plant (lower production) • Allergenic (Cyanobacterium) • Toxins production-toxin botulin (food poisoning) • Etc…

13. Bacteria & antibiotics • target for antibiotics: cell wall, plasmatic membrane, biosynthetic processes • antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria have been selected by overuse of antibiotics.

14. Syphilis • Infection agent:Treponema pallidum (Spirochets) • Transmission:sexual contact, from mother to child in utero • Disease: 3 stages 1) painless ulceration lesion (chancre) 2) symmetrical reddish-pink non-itchy rash, enlarged lymph nodes 3) formation of gummas = soft, tumor-like balls of inflammation, skin degradation, cardiovascular complications, neurological complications like generalized paresis of the insane • Treatment: penicillin (tetracycline) Treponema pallidum Primary chancre of syphilis at the site of infection on the hand

15. Infection agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (America), Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garini (Europe)(Spirochets) Transmission: Hard-bodied ticks of the genus Ixodes are the primary vectors of Lyme disease Disease: reddish "bulls-eye" rash, with accompanying fever, malaise, and musculoskeletal pain, untreated or persistent cases may progress to a chronic form - meningoencephalitis, cardiac inflammation (myocarditis), and frank artritis Treatement: doxycyklin, a vaccine, (Lymerix) - problem of site effects (artritis, muscle pain…) Lyme borreliosis Borrelia bacteria. Magnified 400 times. Common bulls-eye rash pattern associated with Lyme Disease.

16. Infection agent : Listeria monocytogenes (G+, motile bacterium) Transmission : through the ingestion of contaminated food products Disease: huge mortality of susceptible population -Healthful population: asymptomatic proliferation or symptoms similar to fever - Pregnant women: abortion, stillbirth and preterm labor - Newborn infants: early-onset sepsis or late-onset meningitis - Old or immunocompromised population: CNS infection Treatment : penicillin or Ampicillin in combination with gentamicin (for its synergistic effects) Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Collonies of Listeria monocytogenes – growth on Listeria selective agar

17. Cyanobacterium Prokaryotic organisms: single circular close DNA molecule without any concomitant proteins is imbedded freely in cytoplasm, there is no nucleolus or nuclear proteins, cytoplasm is rich of ribosomes as like as in bacteria. gramnegative (eu)bacteria with oxygenic photosynthesis (main producers of atmospheric oxygen) Probably progenitors of plats chloroplasts, necessitous organelles of plant cells, (endosymbiotic theory) They occur like single cells or like cluster colonies, where cells are differentiate into 3 types with different metabolic role: vegetative cells (the normal, photosynthetic cells) , heterocysts (efficient assimilation - molecular fixation of atmospheric nitrogen) and akinetes (the climate-resistant spores)

18. Cells of many cyanobacteria living in water have maximum of inner space filled by units of elongated follicles containing the gas – aerotops (they float on surface). This is the way guaranting to cells continuous access to light, carbon dioxide (necessary for photosynthesis) and nitrogen. “Water flower” is characteristic green color of fluent or stagnant water stream. It is the case of overgrowing of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. The overgrowing is natural reaction on contamination of streams by high concentration of minerals (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen compound) Cyanobacteria can cause the problem in drinking water preparation They contain compounds causing allergies Some species of cyanobacteria can be toxic (toxins attack liver and neural issue in the most common case)

19. Task1: Cyanobacteria: native preparation Anabena cylindrica H-cells, absorb nitrogen V-cells, absorb CO2 S-spore

20. Task 2: Gram staining G- G+ Crystal Violet stains peptidoglycan

21. Task 3: Submicroscopic structure of prokaryotes

22. Task 4a: Fingerprint on agar dish

23. Task 4b: analysis of the water from water reservoir in Brno

24. Task 5: Resistance to antibiotics