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Toward Civil War

Toward Civil War. Missouri Compromise - 1820. Applied to Louisiana Territory States would be admitted in pairs – 1 “free” & 1 “slave” Drew line at 36 ° 30 ΄ - to the north – free to the south - slave. Missouri Compromise - 1820. Compromise of 1850. California – free state

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Toward Civil War

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  1. Toward Civil War

  2. Missouri Compromise - 1820 • Applied to Louisiana Territory • States would be admitted in pairs – 1 “free” & 1 “slave” • Drew line at 36° 30΄ - to the north – free to the south - slave

  3. Missouri Compromise - 1820

  4. Compromise of 1850 • California – free state • Utah and New Mexico territories – popular sovereignty ( people’s vote decides!) • No slave trade in Washington, D.C. • Strict enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act • Settlement of boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico

  5. Compromise of 1850

  6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Expressed moral outrage at the institution of slavery and the destructiveness on both whites and African-Americans • Humanized slavery & increased anti-slavery sentiment in north; was banned in south • When Stowe met President Lincoln in 1862, he is said to have exclaimed, "So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!"

  7. Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854 • Applied popular sovereignty to Kansas and Nebraska territories • Previously designated “free” territories – now the possibility that slavery could exist to north of line 36°30΄

  8. Bleeding Kansas • Mini civil war when vote on fate of Kansas was taken • “Border Ruffians” • 200+ killed, million of dollars in property damage • Vote → Pro-slavery • 2 governments formed (1 free, 1 slave)

  9. Dred Scott v. Sanford(1857) • Background • Dred Scott, slave, taken into free territory by owner, then returned to slave territory. Scott sued owner believing that his presence in free territory made him a free man • Constitutional Issue • Was Dred Scott a citizen & legally entitled to use courts? Did his presence in a free territory make him a free man?

  10. Dred Scott v. Sanford • Decision • Slave defined as property, not citizen. Freeing him would be violation of 5th Amendment due process • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because designating “free territory” could deprive an owner of his “property” • Importance • Step closer to Civil War (Congress can’t legislate, Presidents unwilling to intervene, now Court refused to free Dred Scott & thousands in same situation)

  11. Lincoln-Douglas Debates1858 Illinois Senate race • Abraham Lincoln: Republican, relative unknown -- opposed the extension of slavery into the territories (not abolitionist); “A house divided …” “This gov’t cannot endure permanently half slave and half free”. • Stephen Douglas: Democrat, incumbent U.S. Senator in Illinois – believed in popular sovereignty – “Freeport doctrine” – slavery could not exist if local citizens did not pass and enforce laws for maintaining it

  12. Importance of Lincoln/Douglas Debate • Even though Douglas won the election, he lost support from southern Democrats • Lincoln gained national recognition and became a leading contender for the Presidential race in 1860

  13. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry • Brown was a radical abolitionist • Plan was to arm the slaves for a rebellion using weapons taken from the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry • Brown was captured, tried and executed for his role → martyr for the cause • The south feared the north had intentions of using slave revolts to destroy the south → harsher treatment of slaves

  14. “Battle Hymn of the Republic” or “Glory, Glory Hallelujah” – originally was “John Brown’s Song” • John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave; • John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave; • John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave; • His soul's marching on! • (Chorus) • Glory, halle—hallelujah! Glory, halle—hallelujah! • Glory, halle—hallelujah! his soul's marching on! • He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! • He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! • He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! • His soul's marching on! • (Chorus)

  15. Election of 1860

  16. Results of Election of 1860

  17. Lincoln’s Election leads to Secession • States’ Rights theory – the states created the union of states, they can break it apart by secession • South Carolina leads the way with secession – followed by 6 other states (Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas) • Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia would secede early in 1861

  18. President Buchanan • “lame duck” – from November of 1860 – March of 1861 • Buchanan believed states seceded because Lincoln was elected – let Lincoln deal with it • Buchanan believed he as President had no constitutional authority to respond to secession

  19. Result of Buchanan’s Inability to Act • Southern states secede • Form the Confederate States of America • Wrote a constitution (patterned on US constitution) that supported states’ rights philosophy • Elected representatives to the Confederate government • ALL THIS WAS DONE BEFORE LINCOLN TOOK THE OATH OF OFFICE

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