Understanding Matter: Chemistry's Impact on Properties and Changes

1. Chemistry The Science of Matter

2. Do Now • List at least 5 chemicals that you are familiar with from past experience.

3. Learning Objective • Understand composition and their impact on the properties of matter • Be able to classify chemical vs. physical changes

4. Chemistry • The science that investigates the structure and properties of matter • Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass • Mass: the measure of the amount of matter that an object contains • NOT Matter- • Heat • Light • Radio waves etc.

5. Matter continued • Structure: refers to what it is made of and of how it is organized • Properties: Describe the characteristics and behavior of matter including the changes it undergoes

6. Behavior of Matter • Determined by BOTH • The elements it contains • Arrangement of those elements

7. Example Salt vs. Water Sodium and Chloride Hydrogen and Oxygen Contain different elements --- Have different properties!

8. Example • Aspirin Vs Table Sugar • Both contain only Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules --- same composition • Different Structures Cause Different Behaviors!

9. Example Two Different Artificial Sweeteners Aspartame Saccharine Different Compositions Both have: C, H, O and N and are sweet Only Saccharine has Na+ and S Their arrangement must be a factor!

10. Identifying Properties • Many are easy to observe by simple tests • Use heat, magnets, electricity etc • Color • State: solid, liquid or gas at room temp and pressure • Soft or hard • Does it burn? • Does it dissolve in water? • These are from a macroscopic perspective • Things you can touch, taste, feel, smell and see

11. What is it made of? • This question is harder to answer • Must take measurements • Must observe chemical changes • Macroscopic Observations • Submicroscopic perspective • To understand hidden structure influences behavior

12. Physical change vs. Chemical change

13. Examples

14. Physical Vs. Chemical Change Worksheet (10 minutes) • In pairs complete the given handout • You may use your notes • Be sure that you are prepared to share your answers with the class

15. Share Answers (3 min/group) • Each table shares their answers with the class. • Be sure to explain why you chose your answer. • ALL STUDENTS MUST RECORD THE CORRECT ANSWER ON THEIR HANDOUT!

16. Exit Ticket – Answer individuallyWrite your name!Please number your index card 1-5 • List 5 different properties of matter which can be used to identify a substance. • Define Chemical change • Define physical change • List 3 examples of a chemical change • List 3 examples of a physical change. PLACE YOUR EXIT TICKET IN THE TRAY ON YOUR WAY OUT! Thanks for doing your best work!

17. Chemical properties vs. Physical properties • Chemical Property • Flammability: The ability to burn • Ability to rust:Reacts with oxygen to produce rust • Reactivity with vinegar: Reacts with vinegar to produce new substances • Physical Property • Transparency: The property of letting light pass through something • Boiling point: Temperature at which a substance goes from liquid to gas • Melting point: Temperature at which a substance goes from solid to a liquid • Brittleness: Tendency to crack or break • Ductility: Ability to bend without breaking • Elasticity: Ability to be stretched or compressed then return to original size • Density: Mass per unit volume

18. Let’s look closely at Density • It is an important property of matter • It is used to identify substances • It is also used to separate mixtures Definition of Density: the mass of a specific unit of volume • It is expressed in the following equation; D= m/v or density = mass volume

19. Density • In solids it is usually expressed as; • grams per cubic meter • g/cm3 • Kilograms per cubic meter • Kg/m3 • In liquids it is usually expressed as; • grams per liter • g/L • grams per cubic centimeter • g/cm3

20. Example of Density Calculations • If a piece of rock has a mass of 14g and a volume of 5 cm3, what is the density? • Step 1: Write the given and ensure proper units • m =14 g V= 5 cm3 • Step 2: Write the formula • D= m/v • Step 3: Substitute the given into the formula • D = 14g / 5 cm3 • Step 4: solve • D=2.8 g/cm3

21. Your turn to work! • Alone, Silently Read the first 2 pages (4 min) • Highlight or underline any concepts which we have already mentioned as important, in ppt. • Circle any new information • Use a sticky note to write out any questions you have

22. Now you try some problems! • Work with your partner to answer questions for practice exercise 1 and 3 (10 min) • You may use a calculator • Write out all steps • Label all units • Be prepared to put your answer on the board!

23. Review answers

24. Submicroscopic Level of Matter • Matter is made of Atoms • Atoms • So small they can not be seen with the most powerful light microscope • So small that if a period at the end of a sentence were made of Carbon atoms it would be made of 100 quintillion carbon atoms • (100, 000,000,000,000,000,000) • Counting them at 3 per second would take you a trillion years! • Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) • creates computer images which are a visible perspective showing atomic location

25. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) • individual iron atoms on a silver substrate

26. Using Chemical Models • Show types and numbers of atoms • Show arrangement of the atoms and space filled

27. Why Models? • Submicroscopic structural representation • Explains observed behavior • Used to predict behavior not yet observed • Built on investigation and experimentation

28. Show Connections Between Atoms

29. Classifying Matter • Substance: matter with constant composition • Element: Made of only one type of atom • Compound: 2 or more elements that are chemically combined • Mixture: Matter with variable composition • Heterogeneous Mixture: Made up of more than 1 phase • Homogeneous Mixture: also called solutions, made up of only 1 phase

30. Mixtures • A material that is made of 2 or more things which are not combined chemically • Each of the parts still keep their own identities • Made by blending, but NOT forming chemical bonds or chemical change! • Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures

31. Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Mixtures • A classification of matter based on composition • Homogeneous mixture: no clumping or grouping but rather a uniform dispersal of the material it is made of. • Ex. Air; made of N2, O2, CO2 and other gases • A liquid in which there is a solvent and a solute is called a solution • Heterogeneous mixture: it is easy to identify all if the different components

32. Heterogeneous mixture

33. Heterogeneous mixture

34. Colloids (look homogeneous but microscopically heterogenous) • Hair spray • Smoke • Cloud • Whipped cream • Shaving cream • Blood • Styrofoam • Gello

35. Dispersion (Heterogeneous) • Dust • Milk • Hand cream • Gravel • Granite • Sponge

36. Homogeneous Mixtures

37. Solutions (homogeneous) • Air (gas) • Martini (liquid) • Salt water (liquid) • Plastic (solid)

38. Substances • Homogeneous materials that contain only 1 kind of matter • Have definite composition and properties • Substances which can not be broken down into a simpler substance is an ELEMENT. • Substances which can be broken down into a simpler substance is a COMPOUND. • They are made of 2 or more elements

39. Elements • Made of only one kind of atom • Can not be made simplified by physical or chemical means • Can exist as atoms (carbon) or molecules (N2)

40. Compounds • Consist of 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms bound together (H2O) • Can be broken down into smaller types of matter by chemical means only. • Have properties which are different than the elements they are made of • Always contain the same ratio of its components atoms ( ex 2 hydrogen's to 1 oxygen, in water)

41. Classify the Following • Ocean water- • Calcium- • Vitamin C- • Dry ice – • Copper- • Grain alcohol- • after shave lotion- • Hamburger- • Al foil – • Milk- • Salt- • Iron nail-

42. Answers • Ocean water- solution • Calcium- element • Vitamin C- Compound ( L-asorbic acid) • Dry ice – compound (CO2) • Copper- element • Grain alcohol- compound (C2H5OH) • after shave lotion- heterogenous mixture • Hamburger- hetero • Al foil – element • Milk- solution • Salt- cmpd • Iron nail- element

43. Learning Objectives • Investigate various ways to separate mixtures • Identify the properties of the matter that allow for a particular method of separation

44. REMEMBER Mixtures • Are made of 2 or more things which are not combined chemically • Each of the parts still keep their own identities • Made by blending, but NOT forming chemical bonds or chemical change! • Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures

45. Separating Mixtures • Mixtures can be separated through a physical process, (the identity of the substance remains unchanged). • Using their Physical properties • Bringing about physical changes to separate the mixture into its components (different substances it is made of)

46. REMEMBER:Physical Properties • Density: Mass per unit volume • Solubility in water : Does it dissolve in water? • State of mater: at room temp and pressure • Transparency: lets light pass through • Boiling point: Temperature at which a substance goes from liquid to gas • Melting point: Temperature at which a substance goes from solid to a liquid • Brittleness: Tendency to crack or break • Ductility: Ability to bend without breaking • Elasticity: Ability to be stretched or compressed then return to original size

47. Making a Mixture AND SAND SUGAR

48. The Mixture

49. How can we separate it? • What do you think? • Work with your lab partner to come up with a suggested method. (10 minutes) • You may use your class notes, but your brain is your best asset. • Write your thoughts in your notebooks. • Do not be afraid to try!

50. Report out on ideas • So, what did you come up with? • Share your thoughts! (10 minutes)