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Prenatal Development of Behavior

Prenatal Development of Behavior . How and where is embryonic behavior first produced?. Is it myogenic?. or…. Is it neurogenic?. What part(s) of the body move first?. Functions of Embryonic and Fetal Behavior. Necessary for normal anatomical and physiological development

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Prenatal Development of Behavior

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  1. Prenatal Development of Behavior

  2. How and where is embryonic behavior first produced? Is it myogenic? or… Is it neurogenic? What part(s) of the body move first?

  3. Functions of Embryonic and Fetal Behavior Necessary for normal anatomical and physiological development Serves adaptive functions as a behavior Serves as practice for future behavior Is an epiphenomenon of no particular importance

  4. Coghill’s View of Behavioral Development Earliest movements are spontaneous rather than elicited From the beginning, movements are “mass actions” “Mass actions” become “individuated” into more localized and discrete movements

  5. Summary • The behavior pattern develops as a regular, orderly sequence of movements, which is consistent with the order of development of the nervous system and its parts. • In a relatively precise manner physiological processes follow the order of their embryological development in the functions of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion and feeding. • Behavior develops from the beginning through the progressive expansion of a perfectly integrated total pattern and the individuation within it of partial patterns which acquire various degrees of discreteness.

  6. Windle’s View of Behavioral Development First movements are forelimb proprioceptive reflexes other local reflexes follow (oral reflexes appear next) Complex behaviors emerge as local responses become integrated with each other

  7. Conceptions of Behavioral Development Coghill behavior is sculpted from undifferentiated precursor, much like a sculptor chips away all of the stone that is unwanted, leaving the final, differentiated form Windle behavioral development is achieved by putting together small pieces, much the way a machine is assembled

  8. Why do Coghill and Windle disagree? species differences experimental artifacts types of behaviors studied

  9. Who’s right? Can their positions be reconciled? How would Coghill respond to Windle? Which view is more consistent with what you have learned already? How can you reconcile Coghill’s and Windle’s positions?

  10. Who cares? Why is the distinction between the views of Coghill and Windle important? Are there implications beyond the appearance of embryonic behavior?

  11. Behavior of the Duck Embryo (Video)

  12. Classes of avian embryonic behavior 1. Type 1 behavior “jerky, uncoordinated” movements of the limbs found from the onset of motility until pre-hatching 2. Type 2 behavior startle-like behavior found from the onset of motility throughout incubation 3. Type 3 behavior pre-hatching, hatching highly organized, not predictable from Types 1 and 2 occurs only in the days immediately prior to hatching

  13. Comparative Embryology of the Chick, Rat and Human (Handout)

  14. Human Crown-Rump Lengths

  15. The Appearance of Fetal Movements in Early Pregnancy Movement First Appearance (Wks. Gestation) Lateral head movement 7 Startle 8 Generalized movements 8 Hiccups 8 Isolated arm movements 9 Head retroflexion 9 Hand—face contact 10 Breathing 10 Jaw opening 10 Stretching 10 Head anteflexion 10 Yawn 11 Suck and swallow 12 Note. From De Vries et al. (1982). The emergence of fetal behavior: I. Qualitative Aspects. Early Hum. Dev., 7, 301-322. Embryonic stages: conception to 8 wks

  16. de Vries, J.I.P. & Fong, B.F. (2006) Normal fetal motility: An overview. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 27, 701-711.

  17. Pillai, M. & James, D. (1990) Development of fetal behavior: A review. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 5, 15-32. Other examples: Sleep; ingestive behavior; thermoregulation; locomotion; cognition?

  18. Fetal Yawning

  19. More Yawns

  20. http://www.layyous.com/ultasound/ultrasound_video.htm

  21. Maturation of Sensory Functions in Humans Somatosensation 7 wk first responses to upper lip 8-9 wk peribuccal free nerve endings found 8-9 wk 11 wk face, palmar, plantar 15 wk trunk 13-14 wk whole body responds Proprioception 20-25 wk vestibular Chemosensation Olfaction 4 wk trigeminal (somatosensation) 11 wk ciliated receptors 20-30 wk functional olfaction Gustation 12 wk taste buds Audition 4 wk cochlea begins to differentiate 8 wk organ of Corti begins to develop 18-20 wk organ of Corti begins to function 20 wk cochlea appears mature 20-25 wk first cardiac responses to sound 23-29 wk first responses obtained 24-28 wk first responses to vibro-acoustic stimuli 27-28 wk first responses to pure tones 33 wk inner ear mature Vision 30-32 d optic vesicles form 13 wk rods, cones, begin to form, not complete until after birth 20 wk eyes open

  22. Gottlieb, G. (1971) Ontogenesis of sensory function in birds and mammals. In E. Tobach, L.R. Aronson & E. Shaw (Eds.) The Biopsychology of Development. N.Y.: Academic Press.

  23. What Role(s) Does Experience Play?

  24. Facilitation

  25. Facilitation and Maintenance Tees, R.C., (1974) Effect of visual deprivation on development of depth percepton in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 300-308.

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