Imperialism

1. Imperialism An Emerging World Power

2. Imperialism • Economic and political domination by a strong nation over other weaker nations. • Investment opportunities in western Europe slowed • Europe looked overseas for investment opportunities

3. Protectorate • Imperial power allowed the local rulers to stay in control • “protect” them from rebellions and invasion • local rulers usually had to “accept advice” from the Europeans on how to govern their country

4. US Interests • US already expanded from coast to coast • Time to look overseas to find markets for US products • Supporters of Social Darwinism supported US expanding power overseas

5. Anglo-Saxonism • Popular in US and Britain • Natural ideological extension of Manifest Destiny • English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government • Destined to dominate planet

6. Asia • Americans involved in trade with China • Commodore Matthew Perry • sailed 4 US warships into Tokyo Bay • Negotiated trade agreement with Japan • Ports of Simoda & Hakodadi

7. Impact on Japan • 1868, Japanese leaders begin to westernize • adopted western technology • began industrialization • By 1890s, had a powerful navy and set out to build own empire in Asia

8. Hawaii • 1820s: first missionaries • Suitable climate for sugar cane plantations • 1875: Trade treaty exempting Hawaiian sugar from tariffs • US Senate pushed for Pearl Harbor as naval base

9. Hawaii2 • 1890: McKinley Tariff gave subsidies to US sugar producers • Hawaiian sugar now more expensive • Queen Liliuokalani tried new constitution in 1893

10. Planters Revolt • Try to overthrow queen • Assisted by marines from Boston [US ship] • Set up provisional govt • President Cleveland against annexing Hawaii • Hawaii’s new leaders wait for next US president

11. Latin America • US wanted Europe to know that US dominant power • US wanted Latin Americans to buy more US products • Secretary of State James Blaine tried to expand US influence in Latin America • Presidents Garfield & Arthur

12. Pan-Americanism • 1889: Pan-American Conference in D.C. • support peace in region • increase trade • 17 nations participated • Blaine wanted a customs union and dispute settlement • neither idea passed

13. A Modern Navy • Captain Alfred T. Mahan • US naval officer • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • Prosperous countries have powerful navies • US needs large navy to protect merchant fleet

14. Modern Navy2 • Required overseas naval bases as coaling stations • Also allow re-supply • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge supported building navy • Also supported by Presidents Harrison, McKinley, and T.Roosevelt

15. Mahan + 3? = US Navy • Business wanted markets overseas • Anglo-Saxonism supported US destiny to dominate the world • US security threatened by growing European imperialism

16. War With Spain • 1868: Cuban rebels declared independence from Spain • one of Spain’s oldest colonies • sugar plantations generated considerable wealth for Spain • 1/3 Cuban population slaves working for wealthy Cubans on plantations

17. Cuba • Jose Marti: exiled leader of independence movement • 1880s: lived in NYC and gathered support from other Cuban exiles for invasion • Americans bought weapons and trained the exile troops

18. Cuba2 • By 1890s, US & Cuba closely linked economically • Over $50 million invested in Cuban mines, railroads, and sugar plantations • 1894: US imposed new tariffs, including sugar, to protect American industry

19. Economic Crisis • US tariffs devastated Cuban economy • Jose Marti’s followers seize opportunity to stage rebellion in 1895. • Established Republic of Cuba in September 1895

20. Yellow Journalism • Sensational reporting, often exaggerated or made-up to attract readers • William Randolph Hearst • New York Journal • Joseph Pulitzer • New York World

21. Yellow Journalism2 • Journal: Spanish feeding Cuban prisoners to the sharks and dogs • World: “Cuba a place with blood in the roadsides, in the fields, on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood.”

22. The Yellow Kid Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/200px-YellowKid.jpeg

23. To war or NOT to war… • Spanish-American War generally accepted as first “press driven” war. • 1897: Hearst sent Frederick Remington to Cuba to sketch pictures of the conditions leading to war. • Remington telegraphed back “there will be no war.” • Hearst responded: “You furnish the pictures and I will furnish the war!”

24. Worsening Relations with Spain • Cuban Civil War disrupting trade and destroying American property • US initially willing to let Spain settle problems in Cuba, but patience ran out. • McKinley believed US interests must be protected. • September 1897, US told Spain to ensure either an early and certain peace or the US would intervene. • Seemed to work at first • Then Havana rioted again

25. De Lôme Letter • Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish minister to US • Wrote a letter criticizing President McKinley • Called McKinley “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” • Implied Spanish government not taking US demands seriously. • Cuban revolutionaries intercepted the letter and gave to the Hearst Press • Letter published in New York Journal on 2/9/1898 • Two months later, McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war.

26. Remember theMaine • US ship exploded in Havana harbor [2/15/1898] • Press blamed Spain • Congress authorized $50 million for war preparation • Really: a fire destroyed the Maine [was it a mine? Nobody knows.] • New York Journal says: “Whole Country Thrills with the war Fever”

27. Jingoism • Attitude of aggressive nationalism • Republican party furious at McKinley for not going to war • T. Roosevelt: Assistant Secretary of Navy “McKinley doesn’t have the backbone of a chocolate éclair.”

28. Derivation of Jingoism • Music Hall song reflecting feeling that US should go to war with Canada over fishing rights. We do not want to fight, But, by jingo, if we do, We’ll scoop in all the fishing grounds And the whole dominion, too!

29. War Happens • 4/19/1898: US recognizes Cuba’s independence • 4/24/1898: Spain declares war on the US • First time in 50 years, US at war with another country.

30. Teller Amendment • To declaration of war with Spain • US would NOT take permanent control of Cuba • the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." • US occupied Cuba until 1902

31. Platt Amendment • February 1901 successor to Teller Amendment • Platt Amendment = guidelines for Cuban-American relations • Platt Amendment = part of Cuban constitution • Allowed the United States "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty..." • In place until May 29, 1934

32. An 1896 Spanish editorial cartoon criticizing US position in Cuba. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War

33. Rough Riders • Commanded by Leonard Wood • T Roosevelt resigns as assistant secretary of the Navy • Volunteer cavalry • One group attacked San Juan Hill • Another attacked Kettle Hill • Cease-fire 8/12/1898

34. Philippines • May 1, 1898: Commodore George Dewey led US navy squadron into Manila Bay • Quick victory • Also seized Guam

35. Treaty of Paris • December 10, 1898 • Ended Spanish-American War • Cuba became independent • US gains lease for navy base at Guantanamo • $4,085 per year/permanent lease • 1903 initial lease agreement • US gains Philippines & Guam and Puerto Rico • Senate ratified 2/1899

36. “A Splendid Little War” Descriptor used by many, including Secretary of State John Hay, to describe the Spanish American War. "The war of the United States with Spain was very brief. Its results were many, startling, and of world-wide meaning."--Henry Cabot Lodge

37. But were they colonies? • Not really. • New Imperialism! • Securing markets for excess industrial production • ACCESS to foreign markets not control of foreign markets • Establish superiority of American naval power

38. Malaria… • …typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever plagued American soldiers fighting in the tropics for the first time. • A formidable enemy to US during Spanish-American War • Spanish responsible for ~400 American deaths during the war • Disease responsible for ~5,000 deaths • Major Walter Reed conducted research leading to discovery that a specific mosquito responsible for yellow fever.

39. What led to the Open Door Policy? • European powers (& US) searching for “spheres of influence” • In European colonial practice, an area of foreign territory where the power and authority of one European state was recognized. www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485395/glossary.asp • i.e., leases for railways and preferential commercial privileges • Europe had already partitioned Africa • Now turned to “carving the melon” • i.e., China • Following Japanese defeat of China in 1895

40. Open Door Policy • US came to the game late! • All countries should be allowed to trade with China • Put forth by President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay. • Other countries didn’t really accept this policy but Hay announced in March 1900 that all powers had agreed to it.

41. Remember the Boxers??? • The Society of The Righteous and Harmonious Fists" • Chinese response to outside interventions • Wanted expulsion of outside “devils” • Actually very limited in scope; mostly in Beijing • International force (including US) responded • Boxer Protocol of 1901 • Humiliating for the Chinese • European powers kept military force in Beijing • Suspended arms imports • Restitution to Europeans for losses • Suspended civil service examinations • Prosecution of officials for role in uprising

42. Source: http://alpharettaushistory.pbworks.com/f/Open%20Door%20Policy.jpg

43. Build that Canal! • 1850: Clayton---Bulwer Treaty • GB & US agree to collaborate on canal • Motivated by Gold Rush • 1879: Initial efforts to build by a French company • Disease, poor design, bankruptcy • 1889 project abandoned • 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty • Cancels earlier treaty • Frees US to act independently

44. Teddy really wants a canal! • Takes advantage of political problems in Colombia (SA) • US supports Panamanian separatists • Sent US Navy to discourage Colombian forces • Teddy claims US role as “midwife at the birth of the Republic of Panama” • Canal completed in 1903

45. US Role in Perpetuity • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty • Granted the Panama Canal Zone to the US in perpetuity • In essence, Canal is an American protectorate • 1999, US returned Canal Zone to Panama

46. Presidents and Foreign Policy • T. Roosevelt: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Speak softly but carry a big stick. • Told Europe: • that US would see to it that LA countries paid their foreign debts • not to interfere in LA • Taft: Dollar Diplomacy • Encouraged US investors to put money is foreign markets to build diplomatic friends. • Wilson: Moral Diplomacy • US would only support LA countries with democratic governments and supported US interests

47. Change Over Time • In a little over a century, US grew from 13 states along the Atlantic Coast to: • Reaching coast to coast • World power stretching from Atlantic & Caribbean to the Pacific.