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Understanding General Biology: Science, Reasoning, and Experimental Process

Learn the fundamentals of General Biology encompassing the Definition of Science, Inductive and Deductive Reasoning, Experimental Process, Methods of Data Analysis, and Properties of Living Organisms. Science as a way of understanding the physical universe through observation and experiment, providing explanations and making predictions. Inductive reasoning starting with specific observations to develop generalized explanations, while deductive reasoning tests possible explanations through controlled experimentation. Explore the experimental process, including hypothesis development, predictions, experimental design, data collection, and analysis methods like statistical testing and regression analysis. Unveil the properties of living organisms, from hierarchical structural organization to growth, metabolism, response to environmental conditions, reproduction, heredity, and evolution.

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Understanding General Biology: Science, Reasoning, and Experimental Process

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  1. Overview of “General Biology” • Definition of science • Inductive and deductive reasoning • Experimental process • Methods of data analysis • Properties of living organisms

  2. Definition of Science • Science • A way of understanding the physical universe • Through observation and experiment • Provides generalized explanations or models • Makes predictions about how the universe works

  3. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning • Inductive reasoning • Starting with specific observations of a phenomenon • The scientist develops generalized explanations • Deductive reasoning • Starting with a possible explanation for a phenomenon • The scientist tests the explanation through controlled experimentation

  4. Experimental Process • Develop a hypothesis and predictions • Hypothesis: A possible explanation for an observed phenomenon • Prediction: A specific expected outcome or occurrence that depends upon the validity of a hypothesis

  5. Experimental Process • Design experiments to test the predictions • Experiment: controlled observations in which the scientist changes one condition (or variable) in a system and observes how the change affects other variables • Independent variable (manipulated variable): what the scientist changes or manipulates • Dependent variable (responding variable): what the scientist measures • Controlled variables: variables that are kept constant throughout the experiment

  6. Experimental Process • Collect and analyze data • Repeat experiments • Publish results

  7. Methods of Data Analysis • Statistical testing • Standard deviation • Tests for significant deviation • Regression analysis • Graphical analysis • Graphs • Maps and geographic information systems • Data mining • Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP)

  8. Properties of Living Organisms • Hierarchical structural organization • Molecular organization • Atoms, small molecules, polymers • Subcellular organization • Organelles • Cells • The simplest structure capable of having all of the properties of life • Multicellular organization • Tissues, organs, organ systems • Ecosystem organization • Populations, communities, biomes

  9. Properties of Living Organisms • Growth and metabolism • The ability to assimilate nonliving matter and energy from the environment • Response and adaptation to environmental conditions • Reproduction • Heredity • Evolution

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