Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Foundations of individual behavior

2. Ob model • Dependent variables: productivity, satisfaction, absence, turnover, citizenship, and satisfaction • Independent variables: individual-level variables, group-level variables, organization systems levels variables

3. Individual-level variables: • Biographical characteristics; • Ability; • Leaning; • Personality characteristics; • Emotions; • Values & attitudes; • Motivations; • Perceptions

4. Biographical Characteristics • Age • Gender • Tenure

5. Biographical Characteristics • Age • Aged population • Aged workforce • Aged employees • Work behavior • Age-turnover relationship • Age-absenteeism relationship • Age-productivity relationship • Age-job satisfaction relationship

6. Biographical Characteristics • Gender • Gender-productivity relationship • Male-female differences • Physical difference • Mental difference • Gender-turnover relationship • Gender-absenteeism relationship • Work schedule preference

7. Biographical Characteristics • Tenure • The term of office or service • Tenure • Seniority-productivity • Seniority-absenteeism • Seniority-turnover

8. Individual-level variables: • Biographical characteristics; • Ability; • Leaning; • Personality characteristics; • Emotions; • Values & attitudes; • Motivations; • Perceptions

9. Ability • Are we created equal? • Knowing how people differ in abilities • Knowing people’s strength & weakness

10. Ability • “an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job” • Intellectual abilities • Physical abilities

11. Intellectual Ability • Thinking, reasoning, and problem solving • Information procession • Basic dimensions of intellectual abilities • Aptitude • Verbal comprehension • Perceptual speed • Inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning • Spatial visualization • Memory

13. Intellectual ability • Cognitive intelligence • Ability to comprehend complex things • Social intelligence • Ability to relate to others • Emotional intelligence • Ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions • Cultural intelligence • Ability to function in cross-cultural situations

14. How to define successful performance?

15. Performance = Ability X Motivation

16. Ability-Job fit

17. Individual-level variables: • Biographical characteristics; • Ability; • Leaning; • Personality characteristics; • Emotions; • Values & attitudes; • Motivations; • Perceptions

18. Learning • Learning involves changes • Change must be relatively permanent • Learning takes place when there is a change in actions

19. Learning theories • Classical conditioning • Stimuli vs. response • Passive response • Operant conditioning • Behavior = f (learned consequences) • Voluntary participation • Social learning • Observational learning • Perception & attitude in learning

20. Shaping Behavior • Communication • Learned consequences • Change in behavior • Reinforecment • Positive reinforcemen • Following a response with something pleasant • Punishment • Following a response with something unpleasant

21. Organizational applications • Well pay vs. sick pay • Employee discipline • Developing training programs