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Pain Management

Pain Management. Specialist Palliative Care Nurses. Learning Outcomes. Define the different types of pain Describe the process of pain assessment Discuss pharmacological management of pain Identify non pharmacological approaches for pain management. What is pain?.

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Pain Management

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  1. Pain Management Specialist Palliative Care Nurses

  2. Learning Outcomes • Define the different types of pain Describe the process of pain assessment • Discuss pharmacological management of pain • Identify non pharmacological approaches for pain management.

  3. What is pain? • Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage • ‘Pain is whatever the patient says it is and exists whenever he says it does’ • Pain assessment is essential in the management of pain.

  4. Total Pain • Physical - pain of the disease process • Psychological/Social –financial/body image/family • Emotional -loss of independence/fear of death • Spiritual –low self esteem /dignity

  5. Types of Pain • Soft Tissue Throbbing/tender/ache • Oedema Heavy/tight • Nerve Throbbing/burning/toothache • Raised intracranial pressure Thumping restricting • Bone Gnawing/aching • Colic Cramping/exhausting/gripping

  6. Pain Assessment • Location • Duration • What decreases pain • What increases pain • Intensity • How does the patient respond • Pain Tools

  7. Pain Assessment Tools • Visual analogue scale • Numerical Scale • Verbal rating scale • McGill pain questionnaire • Faces Pain Scale • Body Picture • Distat Tool

  8. Principles in Managing Pain • Right Drug by the Ladder • Right dose by mouth/patch/injection • Right Time by clock

  9. WHO Analgesic Ladder

  10. Step 1 Non Opiates +/- Adjuvant • Paracetamol • Aspirin (rarely used in end of life)

  11. Step 2 Weak opiates +/- Adjuvant • Co Codamol • Codeine • Dihydrocodeine • Kapake • Tramodol • Nefopam • Buprenorphine patch

  12. Step 3 Strong Opiates +/- Adjuvant • Morphine I/R or S/R • Diamorphine I/R • Oxycodone I/R or S/R • Fentanyl Patch S/R • Buprenorphine patch • Actiq I/R • Methadone I/R but long half life • I/R immediate release S/R slow release

  13. Adjuvant Analgesics

  14. Non Drug Pain Relief • Heat • Cold • Relaxation • Divisional Therapy • Tens • Acupuncture • Radiotherapy • Immobilisation/aids

  15. What factors increase or decrease pain?

  16. Treatment according to pain physiology

  17. Drug Treatment WHO analgesic ladder – stepwise approach Colic – Hyoscine butylbromide, mebeverine Intracranial Pressure/SCC – steroid + analgesics Bone pain – hot/cold packs, analgesics, treat incident pain

  18. Drug Treatment Muscle spasm – Massage/Relaxation, TENs, BZD Neuropathic Pain – amitriptyline starting from 10mg increasing to 75mg nocte or pregabalin from 25mg increasing to 600mg/day as tolerated, Duloxetine, Nortriptyline, lidocaine patch, clonazepam.

  19. Clonazepam Licensed for epilepsy, myoclonus Unlicensed- neuropathic pain, restless legs, terminal restlessness Caution – respiratory disease, renal/hepatic impairment, low dose in elderly Side Effects / Drug Interactions Dose 125microgram on – 8mg daily

  20. Breakthrough Cancer Pain (BTcP) Predictable pain e.g. dressing change, movement (walking, coughing) Unpredictable (spontaneous) pain e.g idiopathic no known cause

  21. Treatment of BTcP Correct the correctable Non-drug Drug Treatment

  22. Possible Recommended Actions Advise patient on use of analgesics Advise patient on non-drug treatments Refer for psychological/spiritual support Recommend change in analgesic/ review by medical team

  23. Fentanyl • Fentanyl patches (brands: Durogesic D –Trans, Matrifen, Mezolar) matrix or reservoir • Tablets: Sub lingual Abstral, Buccal Effentora • Lozenges: Actiq • Nasal spray: Instanyl, PecFent • Alfentanyl parenteral injections

  24. Fentanyl Patches • When patch is initiated it will take 12-18 hours for full absorption. • If converting from SR alternative opiate, commence patch at the same time as last 12 hourly SR tablet is given. • When patch strength is increased it will again need 12-18 hours for the medication to reach absorption. • Patient may still require rescue doses of immediate release opiates. • Levels peak at 24-72 hours

  25. Risks associated with fentanyl • Fentanyl is a strong opioid and should not be commenced on opioid naïve patients. • It is a slow releasing opioid so there is risk of respiratory depression if not administered correctly. • Direct heat can increase the absorption (heat pads, hot water bottle etc) • Risk of abuse. • If administered by nurses record on a green card • Report incidents to Locality Manager

  26. End of Life Scenario 60 year old lady diagnosed with lung cancer 6 months ago. PMH of ischaemic heart disease. Lives with husband. Previous radiotherapy for spinal metastases, no further treatment planned. For palliative care and symptom management. Back and shoulder pain have been managed fairly well on current medication.

  27. Scenario cont: Over the past few days her general condition has started to deteriorate. In the last 24 hours condition has deteriorated further with escalating pain across her back and shoulder and increased anxiety, dyspnoea, respiratory secretions and nausea. She is starting to have difficulty swallowing medication. Taking no diet and very little fluid. How would you manage her symptoms ?

  28. Current medication Fentanyl 75mcg/hr patch Oramorph 45mg prn Pregabalin 200mg bd Haloperidol 1.5mg nocte Lorazepam SL 0.5mg prn Furosemide 40mg daily Omeprazole 20mg daily Bisoprolol 2.5mg daily Sol. Aspirin 75mg daily

  29. Conclusion • Pain affects quality of life • Patients have the right to be pain free • Continual and effective assessment is essential for successful pain management • Pharmacological and non pharmacological methods should be used in treatment. • Correct medication for pain type

  30. Further information NICE guidance on opioids for pain in palliative care NICE guidance on neuropathic pain (2010) PCF4 (2012) – www.palliativedrugs.com Clinical Knowledge Summaries http://www.cks.nhs.uk/palliative_cancer_care_pain/management Sheffield Palliative Care Formulary 3rd Edition

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