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Basic Cell Structure

Dive into the fundamental components and processes of cells, from nucleus to organelles, and learn how they contribute to cellular functions in living organisms. Discover the intriguing world of cellular biology!

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Basic Cell Structure

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  1. Basic Cell Structure

  2. Cells • Basic building blocks of life • Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology

  3. Cell • Smallest living unit of an organism • Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

  4. Nucleus • Prokaryotes – have no nucleus • Eukaryotes – have a nucleus

  5. Prokaryotes • Single celled organism • Kingdom Monera • Lacks a cell nucleus • Internal structure is less organized than other cells

  6. Common prokaryote structures • Cytoplasm • Chromosomal material • Cell membrane and wall • Ribosomes • Some have flagellum for mobility

  7. Eukaryotes • Human body has at least 85 different cell types • All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common

  8. Common structures • Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions • Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper

  9. Cell membrane • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall

  10. Cell wall • Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water • Animal cells do not have walls

  11. Cytoplasm • Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance • Primary component is water

  12. Other organelles • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Golgi bodies • Endoplasmic reticulum

  13. Nucleus • Contains DNA • DNA is located on chromosomes • Most organisms are diploid – have tow chromosomes for each trait

  14. Vacuole • Large organelle, without specific shape • Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins

  15. Golgi Bodies • Adds modifications to unfinished proteins • Makes Lysosome

  16. Lysosome • Small round • Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds • Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself

  17. Mitochondria • Energy factories • Rod shaped • Change food into molecules that can be used for energy

  18. Cellular processes • Respiration • Osmosis • Diffusion • Photosynthesis

  19. Respiration • Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy • Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms

  20. Tissues

  21. Epithelial and Connective Tissues • Epithelial tissues • Classes • Junctions • Glands • Connective Tissues • Matrix • Cells • Types

  22. EPITHELIAL TISSUES • Sheets of cells • Specialized contacts/cell junctions (see below) • Basal lamina: protein scaffolding secreted by epithelial cells • Basement membrane: reticular fibers (crossed collagen network) that supports epithelium--really associated connective tissue • Connective tissue support • Nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissue • Nerves pass through • Easily regenerates • E.g. skin, lining of gut, mucous membranes

  23. Simple: just one layer or cell shape Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes Classes of Epithelia

  24. Cell Junctions • Desmosome: binding spots between cells with proteins called cadherins • Tight junctions: impermeable • E.g. gut tube, doesn’t let enzymes from gut into blood stream • Gap junctions: tubes that let small molecules pass between cells

  25. Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium • Microvilli:(ex) in small intestine • Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell • Increase surface area for absorption • Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes • Whip-like, motile extensions • Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way • Flagella: (ex) spermatoza • Extra long cilia • Moves cell

  26. Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium • Cells are connected to neighboring cells via: • Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate • Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together • Cell Junctions • Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides • Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes • Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring anywhere, lets small molecules pass

  27. Cells of Connective Tissues • Fibroblasts make fibers • Immune cells in areolar tissue • Macrophages • Plasma cells • Mast cells • Neutrophils, Lymphocytes

  28. “Dense” Connective tissues • Irregular • Thick fibers running in many planes • E.g. dermis, fibrous capsules around organs • Regular • Aligned parallel fibers • Resists tension • E.g. tendon, ligaments, aponeuroses • Sometimes with elastic fibers (e.g. ligamentum nuchae)

  29. Other Connective Tissues • Bone • Cartilage • Blood

  30. Thank You

  31. Submitted by: • Jagmeetbir Singh • Angad Ahluwalia

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