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Basic Cell Structure

Basic Cell Structure. Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office June, 2002. Cells. Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology. Cell. Smallest living unit of an organism

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Basic Cell Structure

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  1. Basic Cell Structure Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office June, 2002

  2. Cells • Basic building blocks of life • Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology

  3. Cell • Smallest living unit of an organism • Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

  4. Cell • Many cannot be seen with the naked eye • A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

  5. Cells • Divided and classified in many ways • One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell nucleus

  6. Nucleus • Relatively large structure within a cell • Directs cell activities • Some simple single-celled organisms lack a nucleus

  7. Nucleus • Prokaryotes – have no nucleus • Eukaryotes – have a nucleus

  8. Prokaryotes • Single celled organism • Kingdom Monera • Lacks a cell nucleus • Internal structure is less organized than other cells

  9. Prokaryotes • Genetic info needed is within the cell • Two most common – blue green bacteria and true bacteria

  10. Blue green bacteria • Have ability to produce their own food like plants • Most bacteria get their food from other sources

  11. Prokaryotes • Less complex than eukaryotes • Still have many of the basic internal characteristics

  12. Common prokaryote structures • Cytoplasm • Chromosomal material • Cell membrane and wall • Ribosomes • Some have flagellum for mobility

  13. Eukaryotes • Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus • May be single celled – Kingdom Protista • May have billions of cells like plant and animal kingdoms

  14. Eukaryotes • Single celled eukaryotes include paramecia, euglena, and diatoms

  15. Eukaryotes • Typically are highly organized • Infinite number of shapes and purposes

  16. Eukaryotes • Human body has at least 85 different cell types • All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common

  17. Common structures • Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific functions • Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper

  18. Cell membrane • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Plants, algae, and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall

  19. Cell wall • Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water • Animal cells do not have walls

  20. Cytoplasm • Organelles are surrounded by a jelly-like substance • Primary component is water

  21. Nucleus • Largest and most identifiable part of the cell

  22. Other organelles • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Golgi bodies (apparatus) • Endoplasmic reticulum

  23. Other organelles • Lysosomes • Vacuoles • Chloroplasts in plants

  24. Nucleus • Brain of the cell • Site of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology

  25. Nucleus • Controls activity of the cell • Round or oval structure • Typically found in the middle of the cell • Appears darker than surrounding material

  26. Nucleus • Surrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area

  27. Nucleus • Contains DNA • DNA is located on chromosomes • Most organisms are diploid – have tow chromosomes for each trait

  28. Diploid • Humans – 23 pair • Goldfish – 90 chromosomes, 45 pair

  29. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Organelles are required for proper cell function • Ribosome – make proteins for cellular use and communication • May be attached to endoplasmic reticulum

  30. Endoplasmic reticulum • Layered membraneous • Make and transport proteins

  31. Vacuole • Large organelle, without specific shape • Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins

  32. Golgi Bodies • Golgi apparatus • Similar to endo. Ret. • Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times

  33. Golgi Bodies • Adds modifications to unfinished proteins • Makes lysosomes

  34. Lysosome • Small and round • Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds • Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself

  35. Mitochondria • Energy factories • Rod-shaped • Change food into molecules that can be used for energy

  36. Mitochondria • Contain DNA • Can replicate themselves

  37. Chloroplast • Found in plants and some other organisms • Contain chlorophyll

  38. Cellular processes • Respiration • Osmosis • Diffusion • Photosynthesis

  39. Respiration • Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy • Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms

  40. Respiration • Breaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energy • Energy is used to do the work of the cell

  41. Osmosis & Diffusion • Transportation of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell

  42. Diffusion • Movement of molecules; especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

  43. Osmosis • Specific type of diffusion • Movement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

  44. Equilibrium • Diffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium

  45. Cellular reproduction • Three ways: • Fission • Mitosis • Meiosis

  46. Fission • Prokaryotes • Cell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNA • At some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum

  47. Fission • Two new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cell • Two cells now called “daughter cells” • Sometimes known as “binary fission”

  48. Mitosis • Eukaryotes • Requires 6 stages • Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

  49. Mitosis • Creates cells that are identical to the original cell. • Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs - diploid

  50. Meiosis • Division of sex cells • Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I

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