Chapter 15 Human Evolution: Building Modern Humans

Chapter 15Human Evolution:Building Modern Humans

FIGURE 15.2 “Missing Link” Fallacy • (a) A misreading of primate evolution led to the view that midway between modern apes (such as orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees) and modern humans there existed a direct, intermediate ape that was a blend of ape and human traits. (b) As current phylogeny shows, no such direct intermediate occurs, or is expected. Instead, apes and humans trace their ancestry back along independent lineages to a common ancestor about 6 to 7 million years ago (see also figure 14.6). 人類從黑星星演變來

FIGURE 15.1 Hominid Relationships • Later hominids generally evolved in two directions—one a “robust” line that became extinct about 1 million years ago, and the other the “gracile” line continuing down to modern Homo sapiens (see also figure 14.6).

Out of AfricaHomo erectus;China, India, Southeast Asia.Was the first of the hominids to migrate out of the African center of hominid origin.Large quantities of animal bones and numerous stone tools are found at erectus occupation sites;Some sites are associated with charcoal,

Africa Homo erectus (white arrows) originated in Africa but spread to parts of Eastern Asia, and perhaps into Europe. H. neanderthalensis apparently followed much the same migrations out of Africa as did H. sapiens after them.

In the 1920s, a series of hominid fossils from the same time horizon were uncovered outside Beijing, China. The fossils--skullcaps, mandibles, facial fragments, teeth-were from approximately two dozen different individuals in all. Together the bones gave a relatively complete reconstruction of erectus, termed at the time “Peking man”. With the outbreak of World War II, all bones were packed up in December 1941 for shipment to a safe haven in the United States.

Out of Africa-Again The oldest fossil of heidelbergensis is from Ethiopia around 600,000 years ago and the most recent is from Europe 200,000 years ago,Neandertals appear a fossils dating to more than 300,000 years ago and survived down to 30,000 years ago, flourishing from western to eastern Europe.

FIGURE 15.4 Out of Africa • Various species of gracile hominids originated in Africa and then spread to other continents.This figure summarizes the approximate times and geographic locations of hominid species.

Large bones of wooly rhinoceros, mammoth, and wild cattle are found at Neandertal sites,but faced competition from a species of large wolf, from lions, and from the huge cave bear.Neandertals disappeared in Europe shortly after the first appearance there of modern humans. The timing is suspicious. Perhaps Neandretals were dimply outcompeted, or exterminated, or just absorbed into the gene pool of modern humans.

Homo sapiens– Out of Africa a Third Time By about 40,000 years ago, modern H. sapiens appeared in full possession of a richer culture. They entered Europe, joining Neandertals already present there. By 30,000 years ago, Neandertals were extinct. These first H. sapiens to colonize Europe, sometimes referred to as Cro-Magnon humans, were not only anatomically modern but culturally advanced as well.

Cro-Magnon burials were clearly evident and were more elaborate;religious beliefs and rituals Cro-Magnon humans are best known for their “cave paintings” discovered at sites in France and Spain. 圖片所屬網頁 http://prehistoria.freewebpages.org/

FIGURE 15.5 Cave Art • Reindeer art from a cave in France. Cro-Magnon culture.

Wanderlust: Out of Africa The first of the hominids to move out of Africa was H. erectus.By 800,000 to 500,000 years ago, it had reached Indonesia and China. The second hominid arising in Africa (600,000 years ago) but migrating out to occupy parts of Europe (500,000 to 200,000 years ago) was H. heidelbergensis. It most likely was the immediate ancestor to Neandertals, which populated parts of Europe and Middle East, and to Homo sapiens.

老祖宗遷移的速度 Homo sapiens first arose in Africa 160,000 years ago, but soon dispersed from there. By 100,000 years ago, archaic forms of H. sapiens had reached the Middle East, where they met and overlapped with resident Neandertals. By 40,000 years ago they reached Western Europe. By 60,000 years ago, H. sapiens had colonized Indonesia and Australia.H. sapiens reached North America by 20,000 years ago and very quickly spread southward into the rest of the Americas.

人類來了 !!!!! Arrival of Homo sapiensThe multiregional theory envisions H. erectus -dispersed across Africa, Asia, and Europe-evolving more or less in place directly into H. sapiens. The out-of-Africa Theory (replacement) envisions H. sapiensoriginating in Africa, then dispersing to Asia and Europe, replacing lingering populations of H. erectus and Neandertals with no interbreeding between them.

人類來了 To the Americas • Humans entered North America about 20,000 years ago; a land bridge, called Beringia, that allowed humans to migrate from Siberia to Alaska. • Recall that the arrival of humans was accompanied by a demise of large mammalian fauna. • In 1932, near Clovis, New Mexico, the remains of an extinct mammoth were found. Within its ribcage, finely crafted stone spear points were discovered; Clovis points.

By Sea • Humans set up camp there some 12,500 years ago. • Lowered sea level expanded and connected islands from Southeast Asia throughout Indonesia, and helped peoples eventually reach Australia 50, 000 to 60,000 years ago.

By Sea Iometric profile Along the banks of the Columbia River in Washington State, the skull and partial skeletal remains of a human eroded out of the river bank. His cranial features were distinctively Caucasoid, not Amerindian.

台獨聯盟台灣e廣場論譠/WUFI eopenforum • 什麼時候舉行「臺灣民族聯合祭祖大典」? 2004-01-03 12:36:09 曾信超 ... 福佬人、客家人的祖先屬於百越族,也是南島民族的一支,再加上已經歷代跟原住民通婚、混血,如今在血統上 ... 臺灣人也不是中國人。因此,不要祭拜中國人的祖先,請阿扁總統和呂副總統舉辦一次「 ...

圖片所屬網頁 http://www.marinedice.com/

Australopithecus africanus A. afarensis Homo habilis Homo erectus 圖片所屬網頁 http://www.icb.ufmg.br/~lbem/aulas/grad/evol/

Chapter 15 Human Evolution: Building Modern Humans