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YEAR 11 MEDICINE REVISION

YEAR 11 MEDICINE REVISION. 1350 - 1900. MEDIEVAL 1350 - 1500. Dominated by RELIGION (The Church), SUPERSTITION and TRADITION (including HERBAL CURES & ANCIENT IDEAS from Greeks & Romans – especially GALEN (Theory of the Four Humours)).

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YEAR 11 MEDICINE REVISION

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  1. YEAR 11MEDICINE REVISION 1350 - 1900

  2. MEDIEVAL 1350 - 1500 • Dominated by RELIGION (The Church), SUPERSTITION and TRADITION (including HERBAL CURES & ANCIENT IDEAS from Greeks & Romans – especially GALEN (Theory of the Four Humours)). • Short Life Expectancy – 35, varied according to wealth, gender, location (town or village). • Poor diet – pottage; recurrent famine. • Low level of public hygiene. • Limited knowledge of anatomy. • Black Death (1348) – lowest point in the history of medicine (1 in 3 died in England) – medicine incapable of stopping this medical disaster. • Doctors; priests, monks & nuns; apothecaries; barber-surgeons; wise women – all worked as healers. • Some hospitals & medical schools (part of universities) – run by the Church – limited in what they could do or teach.

  3. MEDICAL RENAISSANCE 1500 - 1750 • Renaissance = rebirth, i.e. new start for medicine – part of wider changes in Europe: old ideas being questioned, but not overturned immediately. • Vesalius, Paré, Harvey – extended knowledge, (medicine would be based on science in future, not tradition) but did not change practice – doctors stuck to traditional cures for the time being. • Conditions essentially the same as medieval (life expectancy; unhygienic conditions; diet), but women pushed to the margins (wise women denounced as witches).

  4. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750 - 1900 • Advances in science (Hunter; Jenner; Snow) and technology (microscopes, X-rays) had major impact on medical knowledge and began to gradually influence medical practice. • GERM THEORY (LOUIS PASTEUR) – 1861 – led to new science of bacteriology. (Idea of ‘bad air’ (miasma) as cause of illness faded away.) • Life expectancy (45 by1900) began to climb for some, but dreadful conditions in new industrial towns kept it low for many – big killer diseases – TUBERCULOSIS (TB) & CHOLERA. • New large hospitals with properly trained staff maintaining hygienic conditions (Nightingale, 1860). • Apothecaries replaced gradually by Chemists (Boots), but old unscientific ‘preparations’ continued to be made up. • Women begin to gain a place in modern medicine – Nightingale (nurses), Garrett-Anderson (doctors).

  5. Why was medicine more effective in c.1900 than it was in c.1350? (12 marks) • During the Middle Ages and Renaissance the Church ran the universities which included medical schools. • Louis Pasteur published his findings on germs in 1861. • X-rays were discovered in 1895.

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