WHAP Time Period Four 1750-1914

1. WHAP Time Period Four 1750-1914 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High School Jacksonville, FL

2. WHAP Time Period Four • Slides based on the Ethel Wood Study Guide Publication • Ordering information: • www.dsmarketing.com/books_worldhistory.html Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

3. Charts to Assist You • I have already posted numerous charts for most time periods on one of my web sites: • www.mandarin.groupfusion.net • Choose Sacerdote’s Classes • Choose World History AP • Click “Join Class” (upper left corner) • Wait for my acceptance • Go to site, under “Section Files” (lower right) click “STUFF” to access the charts. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

4. WHAP Course Themes • Demonstrate your knowledge by including these themes in your essays: • 1. Impact of interaction among and within major societies;2. The relationship of change and continuity across the periods covered;3. Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment; Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

5. Course Themes (continued) • 4. Systems of social structure and gender structure (comparing major features within and among societies and assessing change).5. Cultural and intellectual developments and interactions among societies; and6. Changes in functions and structures of states and in attitudes toward states and political identities (political culture), including the emergence of nation-state (types of political organization). Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

6. 1750 -1914 • By 1750 international trade & communication was nothing new • The pace of trade picked up dramatically, especially due to the Industrial Revolution Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

7. 1750 – 1914 True European Hegemony • Europe now controls the West & the East (“have” versus “have not”) • Unequal treaties • Colonization (inequalities due to Imperialism) • Sea-based trade gave the Europeans control of the trade circuits • The establishment of democracy as a major element of a new political organization—THE NATION • Political revolutions are also on the horizon Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

8. 1750-1914 • Patterns of world trade and contact changed as the industrial revolution revolutionized trade and communication • Suez & Panama Canals cut down travel time • Ships faster than ever • Rails revived land travel Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

9. 1750 - 1914 • Demographic and Environmental Changes • Huge numbers of people migrated to America from Europe and Asia • America’s population expands • Slave trade ended • Demand for Natural resources (+ -) • Changes in Gender and Social structures: Serf & Slaves less common, but the gap between the rich and poor grew • Females in Industry- Good or Bad? Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

10. 1750 - 1914 • Political Revolutions & Independence movements • Absolutism is challenged • Democracy takes root • Nations arose as political entities that inspired nationalism and movements for political reform (USA, French, Haiti, and the Revolutions of 1848) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

11. The Industrial Revolution • A true historical “marker event” (the Neolithic Revolution would be another) • It crossed national and/or cultural borders • Later developments (i.e. the Scramble for Africa) can be partially traced to the event • It impacted other areas, i.e. technology from this event impacted other major concerns like government, belief systems, social classes or the economy Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

12. The Industrial Revolution • Brought about sweeping changes as it transformed the world • Regions where industrialization did not occur were also impacted • Invent and perfect machinery to help human labor more efficient • It began in England in the 18th century, and spread to Belgium, Germany, France, Japan and the USA Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

13. The Industrial Revolution • It divided the world into a “have” and “have not” countries, with many of the latter being controlled by the former • England’s lead translated into huge economic success that fueled the creation of the British Empire • Eventually over 40 countries, 1 Billion people came under their control Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

14. WHY BRITAIN? • An Agricultural Revolution • Including the Enclosure Movement (early 1700’s) • Larger farms, better equipment • Many small farmers become tenant farmers or head to the cities (factories) • Better nutrition boosted England’s population Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

15. WHY BRITAIN? • A Technological Revolution • A series of inventions built on the principles of mass production, mechanization, and interchangeable parts (practical and easy to repair) • Natural Resources • COAL and IRON were very accessible, and very important • Water power, harbors for ships and rivers for inland transportation Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

16. WHY BRITAIN? • Economic Strength • Previous practices and structures were in place (Banking and Investment) • An existing middle class: The Bourgeoisie had experience with trading and • Political Stability: By 1750 the power of Parliament far exceeded that of the King (thus Parliament passed laws that protected business & helped expansion) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

17. New Inventions • The earliest transformation of the Industrial Revolution was Britain’s textile industry (Cotton from India) • Profits mounted as machines sped up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth • One invention led to another • Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame and the Spinning mule Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

18. Transportation Improvements • Key Invention: The Steam Engine • Most revolutionary use of steam energy was the railroad engine • The first long-distance rail line ran from Liverpool to inland Manchester (completed from 1830) • Rails gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport, created hundreds of thousands of new jobs (rails and mines), new industries spawned Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

19. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution • Britain had a jump start on industry for 50 years • Parliament made trade secrets just that • Belgium • Coal, iron, textile, glass and armaments • Germany is slower due to a lack of a unified, centralized government Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

20. The Spread of Industry • Industrialization began in the USA by the 1820’s • In the late 1800’s industry spread to Russia, and Japan • Russia built the Trans-Siberian RR (Moscow to Vladivostock on the Pacific Ocean) • By 1900 Japan had industrialized Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

21. Changes in Patterns of the World Trade • Some countries tried to industrialize and failed, i.e. Indian steel industry • Many countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan, Africa, south Asia, and southeast Asia began to depend on a single “cash crop” • Sugar, cotton, and rubber giving them the nickname “Banana Republics” Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

22. Banana Republics • These types of economies were very vulnerable to any change in the international marketplace. • Foreign investors owned and controlled the plantations that produced these crops • Very little of the profits actually improved the life of the people who lived there with very little money, thus a market economy could not develop Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

23. Changes in Patterns of the World Trade • Sea travel became much more efficient • By 1914 two great canals shortened sea journeys by thousands of miles • Suez Canal (British & French in the 1850’s) connecting the Mediterranean to the Red Sea • Panama Canal finished in 1913, it encouraged trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

24. Demographic and Environmental Changes • Industrial Revolution changed population patterns, migrations, and environments • People moved to the cities to get closer to factories • Cities grew, facilitated by railroads • Large migrations from Europe and Asia to America • The potato became a main diet staple for European peasants Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

25. The End of the Atlantic Trade and Slavery • Despite the importance of the abolitionist movement, economic forces also contributed to the end of slavery (Eventually Cheap factory labor, no food or clothing are required) • Toussaint L’Ouverture liberated the slaves of Haiti, and led to the creation of the first free black state in the Americas Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

26. Slave Trade • Abolished in : • Britain: 1807 • USA: 1808 • France: 1814 • Netherlands: 1817 • Spain: 1845 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

27. End of Slavery • The institution of slavery continued in most places in the Americas long after the slave trade was abolished, • The British abolishing slavery in their colonies in 1833. • The French abolished slavery in 1848, the same year that their last king was overthrown by a democratic government. • The United States abolished slavery in 1865 when the north won a bitter Civil War that had divided the southern slave-holding states from the northern non-slavery states. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

28. IMMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS • Various immigration patterns arose to replace the slave trade. • Asian and European immigrants came to seek opportunities in the Americas from Canada in the north to Argentina in the south. • European and Asian migrants who became workers in factories, railroad construction sites, and plantations outnumbered those who were gold prospectors. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

29. IMMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS • The potato famine forced many Irish peasants to make the journey, and political revolutions caused many Germans to flee the wrath of the government when their causes failed. • By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most immigrants to North America were from southern and eastern Europe, fleeing famine, poverty, and discrimination in their countries of origin. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

30. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION • Demographic transition from high birth rates to low reflected the facts that child labor was being replaced by machines and that children were not as useful as they were in agricultural societies. • Instead, as life styles changed in urban settings, it became difficult to support large families Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

31. Demographics • The most dramatic environmental changes in industrialized countries occurred in the towns. • London grew from about 500,000 inhabitants in 1700 to more than 2 million by 1850, with the largest population a city had ever had in world history. • Cities in the middle industrial belt of Britain, such as Liverpool and Manchester grew rapidly during this period as well. New York City in the United States reached about 600,000 in 1850 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

32. Social History 1750-1914 • Industrialization offered new opportunities to people with important skills, such as carpentry, metallurgy, and machine operations • Usually both husband and wife worked away from home, and so did children. Family life was never the same again. • In the early days of industrialization, the main occupation of working women was domestic servitude. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

33. Social History 1750-1914 • A major social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was the development of a relatively large middle class, or "bourgeoisie" in industrialized countries • Social class distinctions were reinforced by Social Darwinism, a philosophy by Englishman Herbert Spencer. He argued that human society operates by a system of natural selection, whereby individuals and ways of life automatically gravitate to their proper station. According to Social Darwinists, poverty was a "natural condition" for inferior individuals. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

34. FORCES FOR POLITICAL CHANGE: Age of Enlightenment • The Enlightenment invited people to use their "reason" using the same humanistic approach of Renaissance times • John Locke wrote that a ruler's authority is based on the will of the people. He also spoke of a social contract that gave subjects the right to overthrow the ruler if he ruled badly. • French philosophes, such as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau spread the new ideas to France, where they began uproar in a land that epitomized absolutism Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

35. REVOLUTIONS • The first revolution inspired by the new political thought that originated in England began in the North American colonies and was directed at England. • It began when American colonists resisted Britain's attempt to impose new taxes and trade controls on the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. • Crane Brinton’s: Anatomy of a Revolution • Symptom(s), Early stages, fever, Cool-down Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

36. Other Revolutions • Brazil: Portugal’s royal family came here when Napoleon attacked the Iberian Peninsula, went home in 1821. • Late 1800’s Pedro II is overthrown • Mexico: Independence came in 1821 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

37. France: Post Congress of Vienna • No matter how the Congress of Vienna tried to stem the tide of revolution, it did not work in the long run. • France was to wobble back and forth between monarchy and republican government for thirty more years, and then was ruled by Napoleon III (Bonaparte's nephew) until 1871, when finally a parliamentary government emerged. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

38. The French Revolution • The Revolution in France was a civil war, a rising against the Ancien Regime, or the old kingdom that had risen over centuries. • The king, of course, had absolute power, but the nobility and clergy had many privileges that no one else had. • Social classes were divided into three estates: first was the clergy, second the nobility, and the Third Estate was everyone else. • On the eve of the Revolution in 1789, about 97% of the population of France was thrown into the Third Estate, although they held only about 5% of the land. They also paid 100% of the taxes. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

39. CONSERVATIVE REACTION TO REVOLUTION: Congress of Vienna • Monarchies - including the monarchy in France - were restored in countries that Napoleon had conquered • France was "ringed" with strong countries by its borders to keep its military in check. • The Concert of Europe was formed, an organization of European states meant to maintain the balance of power. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

40. Ideological Consequences of Revolutions • Conservatism - People who supported this philosophy at first advocated return to absolute monarchy, but came to accept constitutional monarchy by the mid-1800s. • Generally, conservatives disapproved of the revolutions of the era, particularly the French Revolution with all the violence and chaos that it brought. • Want to maintain the status quo Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

41. Liberalism • Liberalism - Liberals supported a republican democracy, or a government with an elected legislature who represented the people in political decision-making. These representatives were generally from the elite, but were selected (usually by vote) from a popular base of citizens. Emphasis was generally on liberty or freedom from oppression, rather than on equality Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

42. Radicalism • Radicalism - Radicals advocated drastic changes in government and emphasized equality more than liberty. • Their philosophies varied, but they were most concerned with narrowing the gap between elites and the general population. The Jacobins during the French Revolution, and Marxism that appeared in the mid 19th century were variations of this ideological family. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

43. REFORM MOVEMENTS • Women's Rights • Advocates of women's rights were particularly active in Britain, France, and North America. • Mary Wollstonecraft, an English writer, was one of the first to argue that women possessed all the rights that Locke had granted to men, including education and participation in political life. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

44. Reform Movements • Limits of the Abolitionist Movement • Although slavery was abolished in Europe and North America by the late 19th century, blacks did not realize equality within the time period. • Although former slaves were guaranteed the right to vote in the late 1860s in the United States, they were effectively barred from political participation by state and local legislation called Jim Crow laws. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

45. Social Inequality Theories • Scientific racism: It used scientific reasoning and evidence to prove its premise that blacks are physiologically and mentally inferior to whites. • Social Darwinism: This philosophy justified not racial differences, but differences between the rich and the poor Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

46. Marxism: Karl Marx • The Father of communism is generally acknowledged to be Karl Marx, who first wrote about his interpretation of history and vision for the future in The Communist Manifesto in 1848 • According to Marx, communism encourages equality and cooperation, and without property to encourage greed and strife, governments would be unnecessary. His theories took root in Europe, but never became the philosophy behind European governments, but it eventually took new forms in early 20th century Russia and China. • 1. Workers are exploited, 2. Workers revolt, • 3. Dictatorship of the Proletariat Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

47. Nationalism • Patriotism: Pride in one’s country • Nationalism: A belief that the shared characteristics of the nation are valuable and need to be preserved • Nationalism is more than patriotism, which is a sentiment of loyalty, nationalism supports the belief that perceived threats or enemies to the nation need to be eliminated, destroyed or defeated Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

48. NEW EUROPEAN NATIONS • Germany: Wilhelm I & Otto Von Bismarck (Prussians lead the way) • Italy: King Vittore Emmanuele II. Count Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi • These new nations altered the balance of power in Europe, causing established nations like Britain and France concern that their own power was in danger. Nationalism, then, was spurred on by a renewal of deep-rooted competition that European nations carried to the ends of the earth. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

49. Russian Empire Peter I – Peter the Great Westernized the Country • Great Northern War • Expansion • Governmental Reforms (Church, Bureaucracy, Military) • Warm-water seaports • Famous Trips Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

50. Russian Empire Post Peter • Catherine the Great: Expands • Russia survives Napoleon I (1812) • England and France supported the Ottomans in defeating Russian troops in the Crimean War (1853-1856). • Tsar Alexander II to attempt reform by emphasizing industrialization, creating elected district assemblies called zemstvos, and emancipating the serfs. • Russia's instability became apparent when Alexander II was assassinated Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL