EXPLORING A MUSEUM A CLIL learning unit

1. EXPLORING A MUSEUM A CLIL learning unit Museo Geologico Paleontologico Capellini Università di Bologna Lorenzo Lancellotti Claudia Terzi http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

2. Classroom activities Museum activities

3. Classroom activities • Introduction to fossilization • Brainstorming • Watching a video with subtitles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-dTz416rYg • Watching and transcribing a video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6Q35yY0cgo • https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/amnh/dinosaurs/dinosaur-fossils/v/what-is-a-fossil

4. Classroom activities • Fossilization lab • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/What_is_a_fossil.pdf • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/What_was_it_like_to_be_there-fossil.pdf • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/176_Fossilisation_film.pdf • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/50_How_could_I_be_fossilised.pdf • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/186_Trace_fossils.pdf

5. Classroom activities • Worksheet: online multiple choice quizzes • http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/rocks-minerals-landforms/fossils.htm • Worksheet: Watch the video and answer • What is a fossil? • Which are the conditions necessary to generate a fossil? • Where are fossil found? • What are the different kind of fossils? • Worksheet: Lab report

6. Classroom activities Introduction to geological time

7. Classroom activities Geological time with toilet paper • http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/TPGeoTime.html • http://www.nthelp.com/eer/HOAtimetp.html

8. Classroom activities • Introduction to geological time • Brainstorming • Watching a video with subtitles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1o2nbNOSS8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY3MZ_wNFW8 • Watching and transcribing a video • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/geologic-time-scale-major-eons-eras-periods-and-epochs.html

9. Classroom activities • Worksheet: online multiple choice quizzes • http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap9mult.html • http://www.purposegames.com/game/318 • http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072402466/student_view0/chapter8/multiple_choice_quiz.html • Worksheet: Watch the video and answer • What is the geological time scale? • How was it created? • Worksheet: Lab report • http://www.earthlearningidea.com/PDF/150_Quick_slow.pdf

10. Classroom activities • Mass extinction • Brainstorming • Watching a video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeBqGLbHUfw • Watching and transcribing a video • http://earthsky.org/earth/did-volcanoes-kill-the-dinosaurs • Reading and analysing a text • http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/extinction_events • http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S32/14/62G75/

11. Classroom activities • Worksheet: online multiple choice quizzes • http://www.funtrivia.com/trivia-quiz/SciTech/Mass-Extinction-Events-276023.html • Worksheet: Watch the video and answer • What is a mass extinction? • How many mass extinctions occurred on the Earth? • What caused them?

12. Classroom activities • Ice ages • Brainstorming • Watching a video • http://www.neok12.com/Ice-Age.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5jfHzKDDJ8 • Watching and transcribing a video • http://www.neok12.com/video/Ice-Age/zX537c6e6c4f0b5d54024477.htm • Reading and analysing a text • http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladice_ages.htm • https://www.cdm.org/mammothdiscovery/wheniceages.html

13. Classroom activities • Worksheet: online multiple choice quizzes • http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_tarbuck_escience_11/32/8321/2130211.cw/content/index.html • Worksheet: Watch the video and answer • What is an ice age? • What cause it? • There should be another ice age in the future?

14. Classroom activities GLOSSARY Key words Pronunciation Etymology False friends Context Use Grammar structures

15. Key words – pronunciation • Burial (berɪəl): sepoltura • Scavenger (skav-in-jer): saprofago • Trace (treɪs): traccia • Decay (dɪˈkeɪ): declino • Imprint (ˈɪmprɪnt): traccia • Replacement (rɪˈpleɪsmənt): sostituzione • Soak (səʊk): mettere a mollo

16. Newwords • Coprolites (a stony mass consisting of fossilized fecal matter of animals) • Burrows (hole excavated by animals) • Mold and cast (stampo e calco) • Luck holds out (essere fortunati)

17. Etymology • Coprolite: kopros (excrement) and lithos (stone) • Fossil: fòdere (excavate) False friends • Boring: is not uninteresting or tedious, but it means hole excavated by an animal

18. Museum activities http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

19. Museum activities Students are divided into small groups. Each group will work on one of the museum attractions producing a worksheet with the main characteristics and the story of the specimen. When in the museum the groups will present their research to the other students in front of the real display. Final assessment with questions, labels and fill in the gaps.

20. Diplodocus Carniegei Age: upper Jurassic (160 million years) Place: Sheep Creek Wyoming (USA) Length: 26 m Height: 4 m It is a mounted skeletal casts donated by the industrialist Andrew Carnegie in (1909). http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

21. Diplodocus is the most easily identifiable dinosaurs, with its classic dinosaur shape, long neck and tail, and sturdy legs. The braincase of Diplodocus was very small, compared with the size of the animal, which could reach up to 35 m, of which over 6 m was neck. Members of this family, while still massive, are of a more slender build when compared with other sauropods.

22. Diplodocus had small, 'peg'-like teeth that pointed forward and were only present in the anterior sections of the jaws.

23. This means that Diplodocus had a radically different feeding mechanism than other sauropods. Unilateral branch stripping is the most likely feeding behavior of Diplodocus. In unilateral branch stripping, one tooth row would have been used to strip foliage from the stem, while the other would act as a guide and stabilizer.

24. The generic name, coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, is a Neo-Latin term derived from Greek διπλός (diplos) "double" and δοκός (dokos) "beam”, in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones located in the underside of the tail.

25. New words Sturdy: robusto Peg: piolo Jaws: fauci Braincase: scatola cranica Beam: raggio, trave Chevron: V shaped Tail: coda Slender: snello Branch: ramo To coin: coniare To locate: collocare To feed: alimentare To strip: spogliare

26. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Diplodocus • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1yv7Pi78Og • http://www.livescience.com/24326-diplodocus.html • http://www.nps.gov/dino/naturescience/diplodocus-longus.htm • http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/diplodocus.html

27. StenopterygiusQuadriscissus Stenopterygius Age: lower Jurassic (180 million years) Place: Holzmader, Bavaria (Germany) Length: 3 m Donation by Fornasini in 1904 http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

28. Really well preserved: the skin of the flippers is evident. Moreover the animal was pregnant, and died during the childbirth, as showed by the fact that in the inner part of the body there are parts of an embryo.

29. Ichthyosaur infants were born tail-first, just like cetaceans, to prevent them from drowning before fully clearing the birth canal. It was a very fast swimmer, with a cruising speed similar to that of tuna, which is among the fastest of all living fishes.

30. Its skull was extended into a kind of a beak and was armed with a quantity of large teeth. The limbs had been transformed to fin-like structures. The tail terminated in a large, semicircular, leathery, vertical caudal fin and even a triangular dorsal fin was present. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqySaTMIOq4

31. New words Ovoviviparous: ovoviviparo Flipper: pinna Pregnant: gravida Childbirth: parto Embryo: embrione Skull: cranio Beak: becco Limbs: arti Fin: pinna Leathery: coriacea To drown: affogare To arm: armare

32. Dinosaurs’reproduction http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

33. Dinosaurs hatched from eggs laid by females after sexual reproduction. The eggs were round or elongated and had hard, brittle shells. Internally, these eggs were similar to those of reptiles, birds and primitive mammals; they contained a membrane (called the amnion) that kept the embryo moist.

34. NEST Fossils of dinosaurs' burrows and nests can reveal a lot about their behavior. Nests vary from simple pits dug into the earth or sand to more complicated nests constructed with mud rims. They may appear in large groups or all alone. The nests and the clutches of eggs reveal information about the dinosaur's nurturing behavior.

35. One of the many unanswered questions about dinosaur reproduction is how the giant sauropods (like Diplodocus) laid their eggs without breaking them. Even if the sauropod squatted while laying eggs, the eggs would be dropped from a height of roughly 2.5 m. Some scientists have theorized that females may have had tube that extended from the body for laying eggs (some modern-day turtles have a tube like this).

36. So far, it has been difficult for scientists to determine whether dinosaurs emerged from their eggs ready to fend for themselves, like reptiles, or required extensive parental care, like birds. A study of 80-million-year-old egg fossils determined that at least some species were self-sufficient, but fully-developed embryos from other species were too small or awkward to survive without help.

37. New words Brittle: fragile Moist: umido Burrow: tana Nest: nido Pit: buco Roughly: all’incirca Mud rims: cerchi di fango Clutch: covata Awkward: impacciato To dig: scavare To fend: cavarsela To nurture: allevare

38. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uChHLNTOmZI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kp4Dg8XBeUA • http://www.discovery.com/video-topics/other/dinosaur-videos/titanosaur-mating.htm • http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-dinosaur-sex-173015/?page=1

39. Mastodon arvernensis (Anancus arvernensis) Age: upper Pliocene (3 million years) Place: near Asti (Italy) Length: 7 m Height: 3 m Tusks: 3.40 m Weight: 5 tons Bought by Capellini in 1881 http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

40. Coming originally from Africa, the Mastodons invaded Europe and Asia 18 million years ago. They made their way to North America via the Bering Bridge 10 million years ago and finally reached South America two million years ago. The development of the tusks and of the trunk reflects the evolution of the mastodons from Miocene to late Pliocene. The name Mastodon comes from the GreekMastos, meaning breast, and odon: tooth, referring to the nipple-shaped protrusions on the crowns of its molars. The specimen displayed in the Museum was first classified as Mastodon avernensis, then as Anancus avernensis, a related genus.

41. Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Elephantida → Anancus Anancus arvenensis closely resembled a modern elephant. It had two much longer tusks and shorter legs. Anancus lived in forests, eating from trees and digging out tubers and roots in the forest floor. It died out when these forests gave way to grasslands. The molars were not composed of lamellae like those of true elephants, but hadcusps like mastodonts.

42. New words Tusk: zanna Breast: seno Nipple: capezzolo Specimen: esemplare Roots: radici Grassland: prateria To display: esporre To dig: scavare To resemble: assomigliare a To give way: lasciare il posto

43. http://donsmaps.com/mastodon.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anancus • http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ancient_earth/Last_glacial_period

44. Balenoptera acutorostrata Cetotheriophanes capellini Age: upper Pliocene (3 million years) Place: near Bologna Length: 40 m (suggested by the size of the vertebrae) Found and dug by Capellini and his students in 1862-1863

45. 3.5 Million years ago the Padan Gulf of the Intrapenninic Sea extended in the area around Bologna. In the warm waters whales and other cetaceans and Sirenia (dugongs, manatee) used to swim. Many are the fossils of these animals found in the last two centuries in the area going from S.Marino Republic to Bologna and Zena Valley. In the very place where a fossil whale was found in 1965 close to Pianoro (Bologna), now stands a monument reproducing the animal with its real dimensions.

46. Fossil remains indicate that whales and other cetaceans evolved from hoofed land mammals (even-toed ungulates or artiodactyls, related to sheep, pigs, deer, camels, and cows). These animals returned to the sea about 50 million years ago, during the Eocene Epoch. Going back to the oceans required many adaptations for living in the water, including a backwards and upwards shift of the nostrils, coverings for the nostrils, a streamlined shape, loss of the rear limbs, change of the forelimbs into flippers, addition of flukes for swimming, modification of senses for use in the water, loss of most hair, and addition of a layer of insulating blubber. There are approximately 140 genera of extinct cetaceans and 40 genera of living cetaceans. There is no general agreement on the taxonomy.

47. New words Whale: balena Hoof: zoccolo (d’animale) Toe: dito del piede Nostril: narice Limbs: arti Blubber: grasso di balena Fluke: coda di balena Shift: spostamento

48. http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=68469http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=68469 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenoptera • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetotheriophanes • http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Balaenoptera_acutorostrata/ • http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/classification/Whalefossils.shtml • http://www.pianurareno.org/?q=node/1852

49. Alopsis cuvieri Age: lowerEocene (53 million years) Place: Bolca near Verona Donation by Barone Achille De Ziglio in 1863 http://www2.unibo.it/musei-universitari/MuseoCapellini/index.html

50. The specimen comes from the Monte Bolca“fish-bowl”, one of the most famous Eocene European fossil site. Within layers of limestone, the fish and other specimens are so highly preserved that even internal organs are often found in fossil form, and the skin colour can sometimes be determined.It is assumed that the mud of sea bottom was low in oxygen, preventing both decay and the mixing action of scavengers.The fossils at Monte Bolca have been known since at least the 16th century,and were studied intensively in the 19th century. The Cerato family owns the place since the 19th and its members go on extracting, naming and studying new specimens even today.