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Agricultural Production in Developing Country

This module provides a comprehensive overview of durian cultivation in Thailand, covering its scientific classification, origin, and ideal growing conditions. It highlights key regions for durian production, showcasing the Eastern and Southern regions with specific climatic requirements. Detailed information on the cultivation, pest management, and harvesting practices are provided. Furthermore, it explores the nutritional benefits, marketing, and export potential of durian, emphasizing its importance as a significant crop in Thailand's economy.

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Agricultural Production in Developing Country

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  1. Module 551 Agricultural Production in Developing Country Presented by Jittima Poonnotog

  2. DURIAN IN THAILAND

  3. Introduction of Durian • Scientific name : Durio zibethinus • Origin : Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, southern region of Thailand • Cultivation area : Sri Lanka, southern India, southern Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo, Mindanao and New Guinea • In Asia call ‘King of Tropical fruit’

  4. Location of Thailand

  5. General Information of Thailand • Latitude : 5º 40’ and 20º 30’ North • Longitude : 90º 70’ and 105º 45’ East • Average temperature : 26º – 28º c Maximum temperature : 38º – 43º c Minimum temperature : 5º – 19º c • Climate : humid tropical • Average rainfall range : 1,018 – 5,106 mm • Hot dry season : March – April • Rainy season : May – October • Cold dry season : November - February

  6. Location of Durian Production

  7. Eastern region 75% Rainfall 1,312-4,456mm Humidity 74-78% Temperature 9º- 38º c Average 27º c Fruit Apr - Jun Southern region 25% Rainfall 1,018-2,568mm Humidity 78-82% Temperature 14º- 39º c Average 27º c Fruit Aug - Oct Location of Durian Cultivation

  8. Characteristics • Tree : perennial, life 80-100 years, straight low-branched trunk, height 70-80 feet, soft wood • Leaf : length 8-20 cm, width 4-6 cm, colour light to dark green on upper, silvery or brown rusty underneath • Flower : white colour, main branches/trunk, dry season • Fruit : 3-5 compartments, green outside with stout sharp-pyramidal spines, aril yellow with strong odour

  9. Cultivation • Pruning : branch, flower, fruit • Irrigation : dry longer than 3 month and when flower and fruit • Transplanting : before rainy season, need wide space • Pest : patch canker and root rot - Phytophthora palmivora , fruit – Sclerotum rolfsii

  10. Harvesting • Maturity : 90-135 days from bloom • Full mature : more than90% , storage life 3-4 days • Matured green : 80%-90% , storage life 5-8 days up to 10-12 days, good quality for consumption • Immature : less than 75% • Most durian are harvested in matured green stage. Overripe and immature subject to inferior. • Fruits are tied to braches to prevent natural fall • Quality base upon fruit variety standard.

  11. Post harvesting • Harvested with peduncle • Put on a container: plastic or bamboo basket • Stack in bulk on truck and cover with jute bag or canvas • Store at 15ºc to extend shelf life • Optimum storage at 4ºc – extend 42-56 days

  12. Flower Leaf Fruit

  13. Durian variety Commercial CHA-NEE KRA-DUM-TONG MON-TONG KAN-YAO

  14. Durian orchard Harvesting

  15. Post harvesting

  16. Utilization and Nutrition • Fresh • Overripe to process: paste, chips, powder, mixed with coconut milk • Seeds : fried, boiled, roasted • Dry husk : fuel and fertilizer • Edible pulp 100 g contain 129 Calories, 70.9% moisture, 19.3 g Carbohydrate

  17. Durian fresh Durian chip

  18. Marketing • 85% fresh in Thailand, 10% export – fresh and frozen, 5% processed product • Price relates on variety and appearance • Orchard : graded into small, medium and large • Market : weight per kg • Price is higher beg / end of season. • Peeled durian price is 3 times higher • Montong tends to get a higher price

  19. Marketing-Export • Durian is one of significant crops for export • The largest exporter of fresh and frozen • Major market: Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong • Packing in corrugated carton or wooden crate • Market for frozen durian : USA, Canada, Australia, Europe

  20. World production 1,400,000 Tons Thai Production 1999 789,800 Tons 2000 830,000 2001 820,000

  21. Conclusion • Land use has been changed and impact durian production in some areas • Breeding development : commercial + wild • Improve quality of frozen durian • High respond from market

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