Quantifying the Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health in New England: Results from the Summer 2004 Study

2. Noontime photograph of Denora, Pennsylvania on 29 Oct 1948 during a deadly smog event. From the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Some deadly smog and temperature inversion episodes: -Meuse Valley, Belgium, December 1930 Fog event; 63 deaths; 6,000 illnesses -Denora, Pennsylvania, October 1948; 20 deaths; 7,000 respiratory illnesses Devra Davis -London Fog, December 1952; 4000 deaths (12,000?)Noontime photograph of Denora, Pennsylvania on 29 Oct 1948 during a deadly smog event. From the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Some deadly smog and temperature inversion episodes: -Meuse Valley, Belgium, December 1930 Fog event; 63 deaths; 6,000 illnesses -Denora, Pennsylvania, October 1948; 20 deaths; 7,000 respiratory illnesses Devra Davis -London Fog, December 1952; 4000 deaths (12,000?)

5. Ozone in the stratosphere (higher than 13 km) is beneficial as it blocks ultraviolet light from entering the troposphere. However, ground level ozone is a pollutant of primary concern to human health. In addition to human health effects, ground level ozone harms vegetation and corrodes rubber.Ozone in the stratosphere (higher than 13 km) is beneficial as it blocks ultraviolet light from entering the troposphere. However, ground level ozone is a pollutant of primary concern to human health. In addition to human health effects, ground level ozone harms vegetation and corrodes rubber.

6. Many reactions between molecules in the atmosphere can lead to particle formation such as in 2. The equation given here is only an example of what �could� go into forming a particle; it is not an exact chemical equation.Many reactions between molecules in the atmosphere can lead to particle formation such as in 2. The equation given here is only an example of what �could� go into forming a particle; it is not an exact chemical equation.

7. The diurnal cycling of ozone during an event in 2001. Appledore Island (Isle of Shoals, NH) is about 10 km off of the coast. Often times ozone levels at the island are higher than that of rural inland areas such as at Thompson Farm in Durham, NH. This is partly due to ozone�s poor ability to deposit on the ocean. Vegetated surfaces offer much more surface area for ozone to deposit on as compared to the smooth surface of the ocean. NOx and VOC�s are carried to the Shoals from the metropolitan Boston and NYC areas.The diurnal cycling of ozone during an event in 2001. Appledore Island (Isle of Shoals, NH) is about 10 km off of the coast. Often times ozone levels at the island are higher than that of rural inland areas such as at Thompson Farm in Durham, NH. This is partly due to ozone�s poor ability to deposit on the ocean. Vegetated surfaces offer much more surface area for ozone to deposit on as compared to the smooth surface of the ocean. NOx and VOC�s are carried to the Shoals from the metropolitan Boston and NYC areas.

8. With the exception of 1988, the number of ozone exceedance days in NH has not reduced since 1983.With the exception of 1988, the number of ozone exceedance days in NH has not reduced since 1983.

12. April Planning meeting - over 100 scientists from around the world. More than 20 planes, vessels, and balloons will be tracking air quality in the northeast U.S. and North Atlantic. ICARTT 2004 will be the largest regional air quality campaign ever conducted. More information can be found at http://www.al.noaa.gov/ICARTT/StudyCoordination/WGDM.shtml April Planning meeting - over 100 scientists from around the world. More than 20 planes, vessels, and balloons will be tracking air quality in the northeast U.S. and North Atlantic. ICARTT 2004 will be the largest regional air quality campaign ever conducted. More information can be found at http://www.al.noaa.gov/ICARTT/StudyCoordination/WGDM.shtml

15. Health effects from Ozone and PM2.5. Recent literature has shown that air pollution (specifically SO2) may cause inheritable genetic damage (in mice). hundreds of studies worldwide have linked particulate matter to a wide range of adverse health effects in people of all ages, including premature death, chronic bronchitis, hospital admissions and asthma. Health effects from Ozone and PM2.5. Recent literature has shown that air pollution (specifically SO2) may cause inheritable genetic damage (in mice). hundreds of studies worldwide have linked particulate matter to a wide range of adverse health effects in people of all ages, including premature death, chronic bronchitis, hospital admissions and asthma.

16. WHY THE TREND asthma prevalence Hereditary - �Atopic� Disorder Exposure to contaminants (Cigarette smoke, Pollution?) Obesity Hygiene Increasing Acetomenaphine use (e.g. tylenol) Factors which provoke asthma Cigarette Smoke Biological - Pollen, Mold Emotional Stress Indoor Air Quality (dust mites, etc.) Weather / Outdoor Air Quality The break in the trend is a result of a change in the form of the questionnaire. The question changed from �have you ever been diagnosed with asthma ?� to �have you ever been diagnosed by a physician as having asthma ?� WHY THE TREND asthma prevalence Hereditary - �Atopic� Disorder Exposure to contaminants (Cigarette smoke, Pollution?) Obesity Hygiene Increasing Acetomenaphine use (e.g. tylenol) Factors which provoke asthma Cigarette Smoke Biological - Pollen, Mold Emotional Stress Indoor Air Quality (dust mites, etc.) Weather / Outdoor Air Quality The break in the trend is a result of a change in the form of the questionnaire. The question changed from �have you ever been diagnosed with asthma ?� to �have you ever been diagnosed by a physician as having asthma ?�

19. Children exposed to long term elevated ozone concentrations are more likely to develop asthma as they increase the number of sports that they play.Children exposed to long term elevated ozone concentrations are more likely to develop asthma as they increase the number of sports that they play.

23. �extended reduction in ozone and PM10 at levels below EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS; ozone 120 ppb; CO 9 ppm; PM10 150 �g/m3)can reduce asthma morbidity in children; �decreasing auto emission through citywide changes in transportation and commuting practices can prevent a substantial number of asthma exacerbations requiring medical attention.�extended reduction in ozone and PM10 at levels below EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS; ozone 120 ppb; CO 9 ppm; PM10 150 �g/m3)can reduce asthma morbidity in children; �decreasing auto emission through citywide changes in transportation and commuting practices can prevent a substantial number of asthma exacerbations requiring medical attention.

24. No significant change in non asthma related acute care eventsNo significant change in non asthma related acute care events

25. �Tip of the Iceberg� Main objective of INHALE is to fill in lower portion of triangle.Main objective of INHALE is to fill in lower portion of triangle.

27. INHALE Goal of INHALE project is to improve public health by: � Engaging a wide range of stakeholders in a collaborative effort to better define the link between broad measures of pulmonary health and air pollution � Using the results to create informed public policy and guide the product development of the NOAA air quality forecasting effort � Determining the health care costs associated with air pollution events INHALE is taking a unique approach in addressing air quality and human health issues. We will be approaching the subject from an atmospheric scientists view, and have also developed a network of stakeholders including health researchers, epidemiologists, pulmonologists, health economists and more. INHALE is taking a unique approach in addressing air quality and human health issues. We will be approaching the subject from an atmospheric scientists view, and have also developed a network of stakeholders including health researchers, epidemiologists, pulmonologists, health economists and more.

28. INHALE - Summer 2004 Pulmonary Function Monitoring in New England � Sentinel Physician Programs � Partner Hospitals and Companies � Scientists at Research Facilities (UNH, DES, HHS) � Individuals at Retirement Communities

29. INHALE - Summer 2004 Pulmonary Function Monitoring