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The Market Revolution, 1790-1860

The Market Revolution, 1790-1860. APUSH – Mr. Hesen. Demographic Changes Population By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union Population doubled every 25 years Natural birthrates Immigration Urbanization. Irish Immigration (Old Immigration) Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions die

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The Market Revolution, 1790-1860

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  1. The Market Revolution, 1790-1860 APUSH – Mr. Hesen

  2. Demographic Changes • Population • By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union • Population doubled every 25 years • Natural birthrates • Immigration • Urbanization

  3. Irish Immigration (Old Immigration) • Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions die • Largest group of immigrants (1830s-1860s) • Two million immigrants – more here than Ireland • Targets for discrimination • Poor • Catholic • Treated lower than African Americans

  4. German Immigration (Old Immigration) • 1.5 million – 1830-1860 • Largest group by the 20th Century • Uprooted farmers – moved to Midwest • Abolitionists – strong Protestants • Influential voters – better educated • Kindergarten – support for public schools • Beer – hurt temperance movement

  5. English Immigration (Old) • Accounted for 20% of U.S. population (1820-1860) • Many left b/c of tough economic issues • Many settled in Lowell, MA – textiles • Mining work was also popular • A lot less discrimination • Many American still identified with GB

  6. Nativism • Hatred of foreign-born persons • Main target: IRISH CATHOLICS • 1840s – “Know Nothing Party”

  7. The Industrial Revolution • Economic Inventors stimulated growth • Samuel Slater – “Father of Factory System” • “Spinning Jenny” – Pawtucket Mill, RI

  8. Eli Whitney

  9. Sewing Machine

  10. Telegraph

  11. Textile Industry • U.S. imports down after Embargo Act • 1814 – Francis Lowell – first textile plant in MA • Lowell factories made the entire textile NOT just parts • Revolutionizes factory work – not at home

  12. Lowell Girls • Farmer’s daughters hired to work in factories • Strength and independence • Strict moral supervision and mandatory church attendance • 1836 – first strike in U.S. history • Eventually water and steam replaced female labor – so did the German and Irish

  13. How did MA become so industrialized? • Rocky soil discouraged farming – manufacturing more attractive • Large amount of labor available • Shipping seaports – easy imports and exports • Rapid river currents provided water power

  14. Why didn’t the South industrialize? • Capital resources tied up in slavery • Local customers were poor • Most people couldn’t afford finished products

  15. Transportation Revolution • Prime motive – East tapping the resources in the West • Significance: • National market economy • Regional specialization • Westward expansion

  16. Turnpikes • 1790 – first turnpike – Lancaster Turnpike in PA • Connected Philly to Lancaster • Tolls collected • Significance: Turnpike building boom • 1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road) • Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL • Became vital highway to the West (600 miles) • Cheaper to carry freight • Westward expansion!

  17. Conestoga Wagons

  18. Pony Express

  19. Steam Engine • Robert Fulton • NYC to Albany via Hudson River (500 miles) • Made trip in 32 hours • Significance: Rivers became navigable

  20. Erie Canal (1825) • Upstate New York • 363-mile canal linked Great Lakes with Hudson River • Impact: • Cheap transportation • Shipping time reduced • Land values skyrocketed • Made NYC a major city • Great Lakes region explodes • Competition from the West against New England

  21. Railroads • Most significant impact of transportation revolution • Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals • First line: Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) – 1828 • 1860 – 30,000 miles of track laid • Opposition: canal builders, turnpike, builders

  22. Northern Workers • Transformed working conditions and relations • Skilled workers were ousted and unskilled labor took over • Poor working conditions • Forbidden to form labor unions

  23. Women and Children • Worked six days per week • Extremely low wages • Lowell Girls were supervised on and off job site • 1820 – ½ of labor was under the age of 10 • Devastating effects from abuse

  24. Gains for Workers • During Age of Jackson – workingmen had right to vote • Workingman’s parties – fought for higher wages and rights • Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – MA Supreme Court • Labor unions legal as long as they are not violent

  25. Western Farmers • Trans-Allegheny Region – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois • Breadbasket of the U.S. • Most produce sent down Mississippi River to Gulf

  26. Inventions • John Deere and Cyrus McCormick • Changed West from subsistence to large-scale farming • More debt • Surpluses • New markets

  27. Regional Specialization • East • Industrial • 1861 – owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity • Most populous region • West • Became nation’s breadbasket – grain and livestock • South • Cotton exports to New England and Britain • Slavery persisted • Resist to changes • No industry

  28. Impact of Industrialization • Division of labor – specialized work • Growth of cities – 1860 – 25% • Increase in social stratification – rich v. poor • Immigration increases • Foreign commerce

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