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Plato

Plato. Why be Good?. Why should we do the right thing, if no bad consequences were to come from doing the wrong thing? Why should we act in accordance with Justice, if no bad consequences were to come from acting unjust?. What is Justice. What is Justice?. Justice.

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Plato

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  1. Plato

  2. Why be Good? Why should we do the right thing, if no bad consequences were to come from doing the wrong thing? Why should we act in accordance with Justice, if no bad consequences were to come from acting unjust?

  3. What is Justice What is Justice?

  4. Justice Justice is a condition of a person’s soul. Justice is a property that refers to how a person’s state of mind. It is too difficult to discuss and it would be easier, Socrates thinks, if we discover what justice is in the STATE and then compare to the PERSON.

  5. Analogy Person’s soul Perfect Republic • Rulers • Guardians • Common People • Reason • Will • Appetites

  6. The Analogy The analogical argument requires that Socrates create a perfect state. The perfect state means the state that will work best, be most efficient and effective. Socrates constructs every aspect of a state, including how the children should be educated and the role of art, poetry, music, and other forms of craft in the state.

  7. Justice in the Republic The Harmony between the rulers, guardians, and masses (laborers). Division of Labor Everyone does their job and does not interfere in the work of the others. Perfect Harmony

  8. Justice in the Soul Every faculty, reason, the will, and the appetites does what it’s supposed to. No faculty interferes with the tasks of the others. A harmonious soul is just, disposes one to act just and do the right thing. One needs no other reward because justice is a state that is a satisfying and pleasant ; it is its own reward.

  9. Art in the Republic Plato’s Metaphysics: theory of Forms. Plato’s Epistemology: theory of reminiscence.

  10. Plato 1) Art as Literature and Songs 2) Art as craft (technê) 2) The special concept of imitative art. 3) The concept of poetic inspiration. 4) The notion of Beauty.

  11. The State and Art Education Music (Art): Cultivates the human Soul/Mind Gymnastic: cultivates the human Body

  12. Cultivating the Soul (1) Literature (Poetry and Myth) 1.1 Content 1.2 Style (2) Songs 2.1 Words (Same as for poetry and myth) 2.2 Melody and rhythm

  13. Content Truth (1) That God is the author of Good things only (2) God is eternal and permanent; God does not change; “gods are not magicians who transform themselves;” Gods do not deceive man kind.

  14. Style Mimetic Art Should the Guardians be imitators? Imitation leads to habits. What are habits? (virtue?).

  15. Western Cardinal Virtues Prudence (phronēsis) (thought) Temperance (sōphrosynē) Moral-actions Courage (andreia) Moral-actions Justice (dikaiosynē) Moral-actions

  16. Literature Imitation must be of a virtuous person. The narration style of a just and good man. Accentuate and encourage prudence, temperance, courage and justice.

  17. Art Mimic Divine Art: perfect copies of exemplary Forms Human Art: makers, copiers, imitators. The human maker or craftsman is one removed from the Divine maker. The artist painter or sculptor is two level removed from the divine artists.

  18. Appearance and Reality Plato’s metaphysics distinguishes between appearances and reality. (Allegory of the Cave/Line Analogy) Painter is concerned with appearances and not reality.

  19. Imitative art 1) The physical world as imitations or copies of the Forms. 2) The statesmen who rules and constructs the structure of society (the legislative art) based on imitations of the ideas of the Forms (e.g., temperance, courage, justice, good and beautiful). 2) The specific arts (the fine arts) imitate nature but authors of these imitations are limited in their knowledge.

  20. Imitator Artists are imitators Imitators are far removed from truth

  21. Knowledge The Users The Makers The Imitators (Painters sculptors, etc.)

  22. Songs Words (Same as for poetry and myth) Melody and rhythm

  23. Censor Melodies and Rhythms Lamentations Strains of sorrow Soft or drinking http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUTf5qvS0Lo

  24. Rhythms and the Mind Expression of Courage Expressions of harmony “Then beauty of style and harmony and grace and good rhythm depend on simplicity, - I mean the true simplicity of a rightly and nobly ordered mind and character, not that other simplicity which is only an euphemism for folly” (27)

  25. Positive View of Music “musical training is a more potent instrument than any other, because rhythm and harmony find their way into the inward places of the soul, on which they mightily fasten, imparting grace, and making the soul of him who it rightly educated graceful, or of him who is ill-educated ungraceful…” (28) True taste

  26. Music The end of music is nothing other than the love of beauty. True love is not sensual pleasure but the love of beauty and order- temperate and harmonious.

  27. BACH’S B MINOR MASS • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZvkSSVp3H8&feature=related

  28. technê The central principle in Plato’s conception of technê is measure. Measure entails knowledge of the appropriate proportion. Measure interpreted broadly.

  29. Measure The skill of applying measure in art is a necessary condition for all forms of art: painting, sculpting, music, poetry, dancing, acting, etc. Measure can also be used for the art of living, the art of loving, and for most human practical endeavors. The skill of measure requires or prudence (a kind of practical knowledge).

  30. Measure as Calculative Reason Measure entails the principles of Good and Beauty. “And the arts of measuring and numbering and weighing come to the rescue of the human understanding – there is beauty of them- and the apparent greater or les, or more or heavier, no longer have the mastery over us, but give way before calculation and measure and weight?” (38)

  31. Poetic inspiration. Some forms of artistic creation and production are different than techne and thus NOT, strictly speaking, ART. The production of some forms of art cannot be reduced to basic principles, and thus cannot be mastered by human skills, no matter how knowledgeable the artists is. This form of artistic production is caused by inspiration that is not guided by skill or knowledge.

  32. Conclusion 2 Concepts of Artists One that attain knowledge of the forms and is considered at the highest level of truth with the philosopher. A second (imitative poet) who is far removed from knowledge and occupies a much lower level of truth.

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