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After World War II – 1945 to now

After World War II – 1945 to now. Unit 1 – The Heirs of War. After WWII, the US:. was only major power whose territory had not been destroyed by war produced more than ½ industrial and agriculture output had vast reserves of oil had the atomic bomb

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After World War II – 1945 to now

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  1. After World War II – 1945 to now Unit 1 – The Heirs of War

  2. After WWII, the US: was only major power whose territory had not been destroyed by war produced more than ½ industrial and agriculture output had vast reserves of oil had the atomic bomb had replaced Europe as leader of industrialized world

  3. The Soviet Union had lost an estimated 20 million citizens was the largest land mass in the world held vast resources occupied Eastern European countries that provided technical and industrial expertise

  4. Other countries The economies in Western Europe were devastated Japan was in ruins; its territories occupied China was in the middle of a Civil War India was struggling for independence from Britain Africa and South East Asia were only in the early stages of development Latin America was mostly under military dictatorship

  5. World War II Images Images used are all from Bing Images, retrieved October 18, 2010

  6. West vs East Free market economies (West) vs centrally planned economies (East) Multi-party democracies (West) vs single party states (East)

  7. Different Types of Economies Pure command or centrally planned economies Pure (Free) market economies • Decisions made by centralized authority • Publically owned • Production determined by government • Market is controlled by government • Full employment is guaranteed. • Restricted choice in jobs and training • All workers belong to state-run unions • Decisions made by individuals • Privately owned • Production determined by consumer demand • Market is competitive and free from government • Employment rises and falls with business cycle. • Free choice in jobs and training • Labour viewed as market commodity – no unions

  8. Origins of the West-East Conflict 1917 Russian Revolution – the beginning of the “Red Scare” in the West 1933 US President Franklin Rooseveltextended diplomatic recognition to the USSR Throughout 30’s relationship was cool 1939 USSR signed a secret “non-aggressive” pact with Germany West-East relations once again strained But in 1941 Germany attacked USSR and declared war on the US Therefore – US, Great Britain and USSR signed “Grand Alliance” against Germany Relationship was cool during war but collapsed after war The “Cold War” began

  9. US and British Perspectives Winston Churchill coined phrase “iron curtain” While US reduced military after WWII, the USSR maintained forces in Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia US feared a communist takeover from Eastern Europe into Western 1946 – fears heightened when Russian spies arrested in Canada for nuclear espionage – Igor GouzenkoThe Gouzenko Affair | CBC Archives Canada was now part of the “Cold War”

  10. 1947 Communist government imposed in Hungary Coup brought Communist government to Czechoslovaki USSR also pressuring Turkey to give up control on waterway between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea Truman Doctrine departed from US’s policy of peacetime isolationism to one of intervention Doctrine promoted “containment” of communism

  11. The Soviet Perspective Resented US delaying entry into WWII US terminated steady military supply shipments to USSR (Lend Lease Act of 1941) USSR felt Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was deliberate intimidation Stalin refused to accept Marshall Plan aid package Planned to establish “parallel market” with Eastern Europe and China

  12. Nuclear Arms Race After WWII, US had monopoly on nuclear weapons 1949 USSR developed an atomic bomb (Nuclear fission) 1953 US detonated first hydrogen bomb (Nuclear fusion) Within a year USSR had hydrogen bomb Both countries developing efficient systems for delivering bombs to targets US dominant throughout 50s

  13. In 1957 the USSR developed ICMB (Inter-continental Ballistic Missile) The US followed By 1970 each superpower had enough missiles to create massive worldwide destruction Nuclear Club was growing to include: Britain France China

  14. By 1990 estimated that another 5 nations had nuclear weapons and as many as 20 more had technology to develop them Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance | Arms Control Association 1963 – Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by 108 nations 1968 – Non-Proliferation Treaty – signed by 115 nations promising non-transfer of weapons or technology

  15. Detente The Hot Line Agreement of 1963 (after Cuban Missile Crisis) demonstrated improvement in relations between the super powers Lasted 20 years MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) – superpowers recognized need for balance

  16. Conflicts Continued despite Detente USSR backed North Korea and the Chinese vs US (Korean War 1950-53) USSR armed North Vietnamese during Vietnam War (1965-72) US armed Mujahedeen Rebels vs USSR in Afghanistan (1979-1987) Both sides provide arms in Middle Eastern conflicts

  17. Dissent in the West Media stereotyped Soviets as villains Beginning in late 1940s, people were scrutinized as communist sympathizers 1950 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg found guilty of spying and executed “Beat Generation” challenged US life Strong movement against arms race – “Ban the Bomb” rallies 1960s – the “Beat Generation” became the “Hippie Generation” Ban the Bomb became “make love not war” Main concerns – poverty and civil rights 1970s – feminist movement

  18. Dissent in the USSR When Stalin died in 1953 more than 8 million people were in Soviet prisons After his death, relaxation of state controls under leader, Nikita Khrushchev However, by 1960, he had tightened controls – dissidents exiled or incarcerated in mental hospitals Soviet youth copied western style – called stiliagi (style boys) – source of friction USSR refused to publish critical writings – Samizdat authors became famous outside of USSR Authors imprisoned, exiled or ridiculed in USSR – Pasternak (Dr. Zhivago); Solzhenitsyn (A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich) Andrey Sakharov, a nuclear physicist critical of atmospheric nuclear testing was internally exiled

  19. Dissent in Canada Canada also had protests and its own civil unrest in 60s and 70s The FLQ Culminated in October Crisis Pierre Trudeau – “Just watch me!”

  20. Dissent brings change Ronald Regan US President 1980 talked defensive military strategy suggested an end to détente But Mikhail Gorbachev, president of USSR bringing about change Perestroka (economic restructuring) Glasnost (openness) By 1990 relationships between superpowers mellowed – i.e. supported sanctions vs Iraq for invading Kuwait

  21. West vs East ends 1956 USSR crushed Hungarian uprising 1968 – “Prague Spring” uprising in Czechoslovakia also crushed by USSR Poland had strong “Solidarity” movement against USSR 1989 – people took to streets to demand free elections Communist party was replaced in Poland by Solidarity party Other Communist leaderships failed 1989 - The Berlin Wall crumbles 1990, East and West Germany united 1991 – military coup aimed at restoring communist control failed and the USSR collapsed Confederation of Independent States formed

  22. Assignment Compare the two poems Buffy Sainte-Marie’s The Universal Solider and Manifesto of Man by YuryGalanskov. (See handout) Sainte-Marie a Canadian Cree, became a popular anti-war protestor and entertainer YuryGalanskov died in a prison labour camp. Your task: 1. Briefly describe the meaning of each poem. Make sure you use lines from the poems to illustrate your points. 2. Then discuss how the differences in the poems and the poets’ lives reflect the nature of dissidence in North America and the Soviet Union. This will count as a pairing (Communications – Unit 2 and a History Assignment for Module 1 or 2)

  23. References The 60s. You Tube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5pnonuZc-M&feature=related, retrieved Oct. 24, 2010. FLQ backgrounder.The CBC Digital Archives Website. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Sept. 23, 2008. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.] Just watch me.The CBC Digital Archives Website. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Oct. 8, 2010. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.] British diplomat kidnapped.The CBC Digital Archives Website. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Dec. 4, 2008. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.] Moments in History. The Fall of the Berlin Wall. You Tube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM2qq5J5A1s&feature=related. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Buffy Sainte Marie – The Universal Soldier. You Tube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGWsGyNsw00. retrieved October 24, 2010. Google Images

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