Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny The belief that America should spread from coast to coast!

2. “Manifest Destiny” Belief that the US should expand its territory from coast to coast

3. Who is the woman in white? What two objects is she holding? What are the pioneers doing? What types of transportation can be seen? What are the Native Americans and animals doing? What direction are they traveling? What is your opinion of manifest destiny as it is depicted in this painting? American Progress by George A. Crofutt and John Gast

4. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Political • Fear of foreign powers invading • Spanish, French, English, and Mexican • Desire to spread Democracy and the “American” way of life • Desire to spread the institution of slavery

5. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Economic • Belief that people could become more wealthy (Gold rush, natural resources) • Land speculators bought huge tracts of land and sold it for a profit

6. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Social • Racism • Escape from religious persecution (Mormons) • Famine and economic struggles • Irish potato famine (145-1850) • Belief that all people should own plot of land to keep the country free • “American Dream”

7. A US Territorial Expansion A - 13 Original Colonies When? • 1776 From Where? • Great Britain Why? • US declared independence from Great Britain

8. US Territorial Expansion B - Western Lands When? • 1783 From Where? • Great Britain Why? A B • Results of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War)

9. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1803 C - LouisianaPurchase From Where? • France Why? • Napoleon needed $ • Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans • He got all of this instead! A C B

10. US Territorial Expansion When? D - Florida • 1819 From Where? • Spain Why? A • Andrew Jackson invaded • Spain then sold it to us for $5 million C B D

11. Thinking Question (don’t write this down!! Just think!) Why weren’t Americans happy with the size of their country at this point in their history?

12. Mr. Manifest Destiny • James K. Polk • Elected President in 1844 • 11th President • We have skipped a few…  • Added more territory to the US (by any means) than any other President

13. Texas Independence • March 1, 1836: Texas declared Independence • Elected Sam Houston as President • Houston’s troops attacked Santa Ana at San Jacinto in April 1836 • Under force, Santa Ana signs Treaty of Velasco • Mexican government rejected the treaty and never recognized Texas Independence

14. U.S. Annexation of Texas • Texas immediately ask for annexation by U.S. • Annexation: to incorporate a territory into another • North opposes because they fear spread of slavery • Texas remains an independent nation until March 1, 1845 • Mexico sees annexation as a declaration of war

15. Factors Leading to Mexican-American War • Mexican anger over annexation of Texas (1846) • Dispute over Texas/Mexican border • Nueces River or Rio Grande • Instability of Mexican government • 19 governments in 25 years • Polk Administration’s drive to expand U.S. • Polk saw his mandate as creating a coast-to-coast nation

16. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Terms: • Recognized Texas as part of the U.S. • Gave up the Mexican Cession (1848) • Annexed half of Mexico to the U.S. • U.S. Paid $15 million to Mexico for territory. • Created Rio Grande as international border • In 1853 Gadsden Purchase solidifies southern boundary • Mexico sells it to us for $10 million • “from sea to shining sea”

17. Oregon: 54° 40’ or Fight! • In his campaign, Polk talked about taking all of Oregon • 54° 40’ or Fight! Was on of his slogans • Rather than fight, he settled for half • U.S. and Britain decide to divide Oregon • Extended the boundary already dividing the U.S. and Canada • Boundary remains today

18. US Territorial Expansion When? E - Texas • 1845 From Where? • Republic of Texas Why? A • Texas independent from Mexico in 1836 • Northerners feared it would become a slave state • Annexed in 1845 despite Northern fears C B D E

19. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1846 F - Oregon Territory From Where? • Great Britain Why? • Claimed by four countries (Britain, Russia, Spain, & US) • Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!” • Britain compromised 49° & US accepted F A C B D E

20. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1848 G - Mexican Cession From Where? • Mexico Why? • Polk offers to buy “G” from Mexico & they refuse • War! • US wins • In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for “G” F A C B G D E

21. California Gold Rush and the 49-ers! • James Marshall was building a sawmill when he spotted gold in the river • Word got out and people from all over the world raced to California in 1849 • Mexico, South America, Europe, Australia, China- 20,000! • Nick-named the Forty-Niners • Thousands of men hoped to get rich quick then go home • The majority did not gain any wealth and could not afford to return home • By 1852, all of the gold was gone but California now had a population of over 250,000 • Could now become the first state in the West

22. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1853 F- Gadsden Purchase From Where? • Mexico Why? • Wanted it to build a railroad • Sold it to U.S. for $10 million • Part of today’s Arizona and New Mexico • Solidifies our southern border F A C B G F D E

23. Jigsaw: Trails West • You will be researching 3 of the main trails used by settlers during Manifest Destiny • You will find your information: • Creating America pgs. 379-381 • Each person in your “home group” (based on group number) will be researching a different trail: • Pink: Santa Fe • Green: Oregon • Orange: Mormon • You will move from your “home group” to an “expert group” where all three of you will be researching the same trail (based on color) • Once your expert group has read and found the required information, each of you will return to your “home group” and teach the other 2-3 people about your trail