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The Great War (1914-1918)

The Great War (1914-1918). The War to End All Wars? . Essential Questions . What were the causes of World War I? What events set the war in motion? How did the war progress on the Western and Eastern fronts? How was World War I a truly global conflict?

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The Great War (1914-1918)

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  1. The Great War (1914-1918) The War to End All Wars?

  2. Essential Questions • What were the causes of World War I? • What events set the war in motion? • How did the war progress on the Western and Eastern fronts? • How was World War I a truly global conflict? • How did technology change the face of warfare? • What were the main points of the Treaty of Versailles? • What were the effects of World War I on western society?

  3. The cost • Forces mobilized: 65,038,810 • Killed: 8,528,831 • Wounded: 21,189,154 • MIA: 7,750,919 • Total casualties: 37,466,904 • Casualties as % of Forces: 57.5 • Financial cost: $338 billion

  4. MAIN Causes • M = Militarism • Need to maintain strong militaries to protect national interests • Arms race, military spending increases • Fight for naval supremacy between Britain and Germany

  5. MAIN • A = Alliances • Supposed to maintain the status quo/keep the stalemate • Backfired: Domino effect Triple Entente (1907): Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later switched sides)

  6. Europe at the start of the Great War

  7. Journal #8 • Should you always support a friend? • What might be the long-term consequences of refusing to support an ally?

  8. The spark that sets off the Balkan Powderkeg • What would cause war? • “Some damn foolish thing in the Balkans…” • Bismarck • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hE8552joxfE&feature=related • Who were the Black Hand and what was their goal? • How did the assassination lead to world war?

  9. Timeline of the Domino Effect • June 28: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists (Black Hand) • July 28: Austria first issues Serbia an ultimatum, then declares war (had a “blank check” from Germany) • July 31: Russia mobilizes for Serbia • Aug. 1: Germany declares war on Russia • Aug. 3: Germany declares war on France • Aug. 4: Germany declares war on neutral Belgium (Schlieffen Plan); Britain declares war on Germany • Aug. 6: Austria declares war on Russia

  10. Who is to blame?

  11. Be a detective: The Willy-Nicky Telegrams • Questions: • 1. How does the tone of the telegrams change from the first to the last? • 2. Who does the tsar (Russia) blame for causing war? • 3. Who does the kaiser (Germany) blame for causing war? • 4. Why does Kaiser Wilhelm say that he has to mobilize his army? • Write one paragraph: Did Germany try to prevent war, or did Kaiser Wilhelm II want to escalate the assassination into a European conflict? Use evidence from the telegrams and lecture notes.

  12. Journal #9 • Look on pg. 412 in your textbook and start labeling your map with the European countries. Then label the Eastern and Western Fronts.

  13. Beginning of the war • Central Powers: • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire/Bulgaria • Allied Powers: • Great Britain • France • Russia • Italy (and later, US)

  14. Schlieffen Plan • Germany: Schlieffen Plan • Goal: knock out France (to avoid a two-front war) by taking Paris in exactly 42 days! • Kaiser: “Paris for lunch, St. Petersburg for dinner!” • Pass through neutral Belgium (“rape of Belgium”) • BUT Battle of Tannenberg diverted troops to Prussia; Russia mobilized faster than expected (10 days) • http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_outbreak.html

  15. Journal #10 • Why do you think World War One was called the “Great War”?

  16. Important Terms to Know: • First Battle of the Marne (1914): Schlieffen Plan fails and the long stalemate of trench warfare begins • Western Front: By 1915, 500 miles of trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss border • Battle of the Somme (1916): 20,000 British soldiers killed in one day of battle alone (60,000 casualties total) • Eastern Front: The German and Russian border

  17. Watching “All Quiet on the Western Front” • Question: • What weaponry/technology do you notice?

  18. New Weaponry • Machine gun • Tank • British debut at the Battle of the Somme (1916) • Poison Gas • Destroyed respiratory organs, caused blisters, and even death

  19. U Boats • Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare: Sinking without warning ships in enemy waters • 1915: British ship Lusitania torpedoed • Killed 1198 people, including 128 Americans

  20. Why did the US join the war in 1917? • Lusitania • Zimmerman Telegram • Woodrow Wilson: • To make the world “safe for democracy” • $ and arms sent to the Allies • Cultural and historical ties to Britain • Anti-German feeling

  21. A global war • Turn to pg. 418. What areas of the world got involved in the war? • Middle East • Gallipolli Campaign (Dardenelles)

  22. Journal #11 • What are two reasons the US joined the war? • What do you know about propaganda?

  23. Home Front • Total War: Civilians helping the war effort • Women in factories • Rationing • Press censorship • Propaganda: Persuasive one-sided information to keep up morale • Techniques: • Name-calling/demonization of the enemy • Bandwagon: Join, everyone else is! • Fear • Appeal to authority • Glorifying your country

  24. Journal #12 • “It must be a peace without victory…only a peace among equals can last.” • ---President Woodrow Wilson • What does this quote mean? • What is “a peace without victory”? • Predict: Do you think that the treaty that ends World War I is “a peace among equals”?

  25. End of the war in 1918 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918): Russia surrenders • Starvation, riots • Russian Revolution overthrows the czar • Armistice (end of the war): November 11, 1918 • America enters the war; Spring Offensive fails • Allies crumble (Austria-Hungary, Ottomans) • German starvation, mutiny • Government collapses, kaiser abdicates (steps down) • “Stab in the back” legend

  26. Peace • World War I destroyed the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires • Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points: • No secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Self determination (nations choose independence) • League of Nations (pre-United Nations)

  27. Treaty of Versailles Simulation • Year long peace talks at the Paris Peace Conference • Big 4: • Woodrow Wilson (US president) • Georges Clemenceau (France) • David Lloyd George (Britain) • Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Which countries had no say?

  28. Results of the Treaty of Versailles • “We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time.” • --David Lloyd George, British PM • Was he right?

  29. Journal #13 • How did the Treaty of Versailles set the stage for World War II?

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