Lecture 2

1. Lecture 2 Design & theory

2. Design theory Just as designers produce design proposals design researches produce design theory. (Per Galle, 2011)

3. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches, and methods” Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

4. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 Definitions: design, research, theory Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

5. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 Design...... • Most definitions of design share three attributes: • First: the word design refers to a process. • Second: the process is goal-oriented. • Third: the goal of design is solving problems, meeting needs, improving situations, or • creating something new and useful. • Herbert Simon: “.....the process by which we devise courses of action aimed at changing • existing situations into preferred ones. This definition covers most forms of design, it is a • useful starting point. (Simon, H. (1998). The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) • Design is the entire process across the full range of domains required for any given outcome. • The field organized around design can be seen as a profession, a discipline, and a field: • -the profession of design involves the professional practice of design. • -the discipline of design involves inquiry into the plural domains of design. • -the field of design embraces the profession, the discipline and a shifting and often • ambiguous range of related cognate fields and area of inquiry. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

6. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 Theorizing involves the discipline. The foundation of design theory rests on the fact that design is by nature an interdisciplinary, integrative discipline. As an integrative discipline is at the intersection of several large fields. In one dimension:....... is a field of thinking and pure reseach. In another dimension:.....is a field of practice and applied reseach . One model of the design field represents six general domains: 1. Natural sciences 2. Humanities and liberal arts 3. Social and behavioral sciences 4. Human professions and services 5. Creative and applied arts 6. Technology and engineering. Design may involve any or all of these domains, in different aspects and proportions. These depend on the nature of the project at hand or the problem to be solved. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

7. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 How—and why—theory construction is important to design, the design process, the field of design, the discipline and the profession?????????????????? Design now plays a role in the general evolution of the environment, and the design process takes on new meaning. As designers take on increasingly important tasks, design has greater effects and wider scope ever than before. Sometimes design failures might also appears: The most common reasons include lack of method and absence of systematic and comprehensive understanding. These includes gaps in knowledge and preparation. “It is here that research and theory play a role”. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

8. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • Defining research: • The noun research means: • Careful or intense/diligent search... • Studious inquiry or examination: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws • in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. • Collecting of information about a particular subject... • The word “research” is closely linked to the word and concept of search. • The key meanings are : “to look into or over carefully or thorougly in an effort to find or discover something, to read thorougly, to look as if to discover or penetrate intention or nature, to uncover, find or come to know by inquiry or scrunity...and so far”. • Many aspects of design involve search and research together. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

9. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 Basic reseach: “...involves a search for general principles. These principles are abstracted and generalized to cover a variety of situations and cases. Basic research generates theory on several levels”. Macro level theories covering wide areas or fields, middle level theories covering specific ranges of issues and micro level theories focused on narrow questions. Applied research: “...adapts findings of basic research to classes of problems. It may also invlove developing and testing theories for these classes of problems. Tend to be middle level or micro level research. At the same time....may develop or generate questions that become the subject of basic research. Clinical research: “...involves specific cases. ....applies the findings of basic research and applied research to specific situations. It may also generate and test new questions, and it may test the findings of basic and applied research in a clinical situation. Any of the three frames of research may generate question for the other frames. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

10. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • Research is a way of asking questions. All forms of research asks questions, basic, applied and clinical. The different forms and levels of research ask questions in different ways. Research asks questions in a systematic way. System vary by field and purpose. • Research is a methodological search for knowledge. Original research tackles new problems or checks previous findings. • Critical thinking and systematic inquiry form the foundation of theory. Research offers us the tools that allow critical thinking and systematic inquiry to bring answers out of the field of action. • It is the theory and the models that theory provides through which we linkwhat we know to what we do. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

11. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • Defining theory: • In its most basic form, a theory is a model. It is an illustration describing how something works by showing its elements in relationship to one another. • Some models show elements in a dynamic relationship by describing process or action. Others such as taxonomy, describe relationships without describing process or action. • According to Merriam-Websters: “theory” • 1. analysis of set of facts in their relation to one another • 2. abstract thought: speculation • 3. the general or abstract principles of fact, a science or an art • 4. scientifically accepted general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. • -Theory allows us to frame and organize our observations. • -Theory permits us to question what we see and do. • - It helps us to develop generalizable answers that can be put to use by human beings in other times and places. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

12. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • Theory can be described in many ways: • Some theories are complex and sophisticated. Others are simple. According to Mautner “theory is a set of propositions which provides principles of analysis or explanation of a subject matter. Even a single proposition can be called a theory”. • This often depends on the nature of the subject. • Theorizing design: • The ability to theorize design enables the designer to move from an endless succession of unique cases to broad explanatory principles that can help to solve many kinds of problems. • Theory is a set of ideas, concepts, principles or methods used to explain a wide set of observed facts. • A designer who cannot observe facts cannot theorize them. • Design requires humility in the face of emprical facts. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

13. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • How theory works????? What constitutes a theoretical contribution? • Whetten (1989) identifies four elements of theory: these four elements answers six questions: • 1. what 2.how 3. why 4.who-where-when • What:articulates the factors that must be considered part of an explanation of the phenomena under study. • How: of a theory shows how the factors identified in the ‘what’ are related. • Why: involves the underlying dynamics that justify the selection of factors and the proposed casual relationships. • What and howdescribe. Only whyexplains!!!! • The who-where-when: of a theory substantiate/proves theory with emprical data while setting limits on its uses and applications. • Also, there are several ways to make significant contributions to theory. Whetten asks seven key questions: Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

14. Freidman, K. (2003).”Theory construction in design research: criteria: approaches and methods”,Design Studies 24 507–522 Lecture 2 • Whats new? • So What? • Why so? • Well done? • Done well? • Why now? • Who cares? Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

15. Lecture 2 Galle P. (2011).”Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory”,Design Issues: vol.27, no.4 “Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory” Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

16. Lecture 2 Some design proposals give rise to artifacts that people appreciate and use, and similarly in design research there are design theories that conveys facts and possibilities that facilitate, accelerate, or improve design practice, if taken into account by a designer. Such theory called instrumental (design) theory. Galle P. (2011).”Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory”,Design Issues: vol.27, no.4 Just as designers have conceptions about the nature and purpose of design that affect the proposals they produce; design researchers have such conceptions that affect design practice-provided such instrumental theory is adopted by designers. Instrumental design theory should not stand alone, but should be supported by theory expressing its underlying conceptions about the nature and purpose of design- called foundational (design) theory. There should be a coordination between them. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

17. Lecture 2 Galle P. (2011).”Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory”,Design Issues: vol.27, no.4 • Three significant resources of foundational theories: • Herbert Simon’s book-The Sciences of the Artificial.1969. Cambridge, MA, MIT. • Donal Schön’s-The Reflective Practicioner-How Professionals Think in Action.1983 • New York: Basic Books. • Klaus Kippendorff’s: The Semantic Turn-A New Foundation for Design.2006. Boca • Raton: Taylor and Francis. Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

18. Lecture 2 • What is good foundational theory? • Foundational theory tends to be designated without justification regarding its usefulness in supporting instrumental theory. How it becomes a good theory? • Explaning it with a Lighting metaphor: • -When deciding how to light a room, generally the recommendation is to distinguish among and combine three kinds of lighting: • General lighting- to provide overall illumination that allows you to walk about room safely. • Task lighting- for more concentrated illumination where you perform certain kinds of recurring acrivities (eg.cooking, reading, sewing) • The occasional accent lighting, to provide visual interest or drama to the room by locally highlighting particular features. (eg. Texture of a wall, painting or a house plant) Galle P. (2011).”Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory”,Design Issues: vol.27, no.4 Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

19. Lecture 2 • How it works in the field of foundational design theory????? • If the problem with current major foundational design theories is that they work somewhat erratically (without a fixed course-changeable): like flashlights lighting up only what they happen to be pointed out. • Then: • perhaps we should begin to look for foundational theories that work more like a ceiling lamp that provides general lighting to the room of design. • The light source of such a theoretical fixture would be a good definition of design- “one that is not unduly colored by values and that illuminates the subject matter that our instrumental theories should adress to serve design as a professional and intellectual discipline. • The instrumental theories, on the other hand, should work by analogy to task or accent lighting: like task lighting if they are intended to support a particular • type of design task (eg. Graphic design or design of databases, furniture, diesel engines, sculptural ceramic...), and like accent lighting if they are intended to draw useful lessons from the study of individual cases. Galle P. (2011).”Foundational and Instrumental Design Theory”,Design Issues: vol.27, no.4 Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)

20. Lecture 2 Thank you for today............... Next week: Design Thinking.... Inar 561-ınterıor archıtecture desıgn theorıes and technıques nilpsahin.(nil.pasaogullari@emu.edu.tr)