Mayer - World History - Semester Study Guide

1. Industrialization Causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution: Causes: (Scientific Revolution, Colonization) Discoveries and new inventions in farming practices allowed for greater production of food. This created a larger food supply and required less labor to produce the same amount of food. This made food prices go down and allowed people to have larger families. It also freed people up to do new kinds of work. More food supplies lead to a larger population. A larger population provided workers for new factories and people to buy newly produced goods. New inventions like the steam engine allowed for machines that increased productivity and the amount of goods produced. European colonization provided new sources of raw materials to supply their factories and markets in which to sell their goods. It also introduced new food sources into Europe that were easier to grow(the potato from South America). Effects: The huge increase in populations caused the growth of large cities in Europe as people went in search of cheap housing and jobs. The majority of the population moved away from agricultural, country living to a industrial, urban lifestyle.

2. Transportation improved dramatically as both trains and ships began using steam engines which increased their speed and their ability to move through bad weather. • The creation of goods for sale allowed certain people to build up their income and allowed for greater leisure time. • Leads to a period of rapid invention based on the new technology of the Industrial Revolution(examples: radio, telephone, telegraph, automobile). Who were the first industrialized powers? • England, Belgium, France, and Germany. Causes and effects of urbanization: Causes: • The Industrial Revolution causes many people to move into cities from the country, leading to a huge growth in the size of cities, called urbanization. Effects: • Leads to poor living conditions and pollution in major cities as the cities struggle to grow fast enough to keep up with the rising population. • Having large groups of people together allows them to organize themselves and fight for improved living conditions and equal rights. It forms new political groups(communist, socialist, women’s rights organizations, child labor organizations). This new interest in politics leads many of the lower classes to demand greater participation in government and many countries to move away from monarchies towards democracy.

3. Why were agriculture, textile(cloth), coal and steel the first businesses to industrialize? • Because they were the most common industries in Great Britain, which was the first country to industrialize. How did industrialization affect countries like the USA, Japan, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, and Cuba? • It had the same effects as it did in Europe. But in these countries, it allowed them to either overthrow, resist, or challenge the power of European countries trying to dominate them. How did universal male suffrage, women’s suffrage, child labor laws, and labor unions grow out of industrialization? • Because of urbanization, large amounts of people were brought together in cities which allowed them easily organize into political and trade groups to fight for their rights and living conditions. VOCAB: • Capitalism – • Socialism – • Communism – • Robert Owen – • Karl Marx – • Adam Smith –

4. Imperialism & Nationalism Causes and Effects of Imperialism: Causes: • The Industrial Revolution in Europe causes a huge need for raw materials to supply European factories. They also need markets in new lands in which they can sell their goods they are producing. • Countries in Europe were extremely competitive. They saw expanding their colonies as a way to become more powerful and important than the other countries of Europe. • The growing population of Europe needed more room for their growing population. Effects: • Europeans expanded their empires to cover the entire world, and increased their wealth and power dramatically. • They virtually enslaved the native populations of Africa and much of Asia, setting those societies back decades. • They divided Africa along their own lines, creating political problems that still exist today. • They brought modern technology to many societies that did not have it.

5. Causes and Effects of Nationalism: Causes: • The ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution convinced the people of Europe that they should have the right to rule themselves instead of being forced to follow a king that did not listen to them. • Different groups also decided that they should have freedom for each individual group instead of being forced to exist inside a large empire with other races and nationalities. Effects: • Causes revolutions and revolts in many European monarchies, where the lower classes push the government for more representation in the government. • Brings together many nationalities that had been split into different political states. Also, divides unified empires into smaller states based on race and nationality. Examples: • Italy – enables Italy to unify itself it one kingdom under Victor Emmanuel II and Camilio di Cavour in the 1870’s. • Germany – enables Germany to unify itself under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck in the 1870’s. • Russia – leads to revolts against the czar and promises by the government to give the peasants more participation in the government • South Africa – in South Africa many native Africans rallied to the leadership of the Zulu Nation to resist British imperialism.

6. India – Created a united group called the Indian National Congress that would represent all Indians fighting for independence from the British empire. • China – Chinese nationalism lead to an overthrow of the Manchu dynasty that had allowed European countries special privileges and territory inside China. There were also rebellions and killings of Europeans inside China. • Japan – Caused the Japanese to modernize their country to become the most powerful Asian nation by adopting modern technology to expand their empire. VOCAB: • Opium War – • Sepoy Mutiny – • Berlin Conference – • Crimean War – • Taiping Rebellion – • Boxer Rebellion –

7. World War I Who were the members of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente before WWI? Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Who were the members of the Central Powers and Allied Powers during WWI? Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Portugal, France, Great Britain, Russian, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Italy, Belgium Causes of World War I: • Militarism – the countries of the world began to build huge armies because of their large population and their desire to defend themselves against other powerful nations. • Alliances – the system of confusing, binding alliances in Europe lead to minor disputes dragging the entire continent to war. • Imperialism – lead to competition between countries for land and resources and increased tension between the countries. • Nationalism – desire for their own nation caused groups within the Austro-Hungarian to provoke a war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

8. How did poor living conditions and Russia’s involvement in WWI lead to the Russian Revolution and the communist takeover of Russia? • The peasants of Russia were unhappy with their poor living conditions and lack of say in the government, and the Russian government’s inability to have any success in the war lead to a violent revolution where communists overthrew the czar and promised to exit WWI and improve living conditions for the working man. What were the effects of the Treaty of Versailles and how did they especially affect Germany after WWI? • Germany was forced to accept blame for WWI. • Germany was forced to get rid of their Navy and Air Force, and reduced the army to 100,000 men. • Germany was forced to pay a debt of 33 billion dollars, which destroyed their economy for the next 10 years. • Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken apart into smaller nation based on the local races and nationalities. It created several new countries including; Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan. What were the effects of WWI on the following places? The Middle East: It created several new countries which came under the power of the French and British and gave them increased power and resources after WWI. India: The distraction of WWI allowed for Indians to make big gains in their movement for independence and unite themselves.

9. China: The lack of European interference in China created a power vacuum that ended in a civil war between the Chinese Communists and Nationalists. VOCAB: (How did the following affect WWI?) • Scorched earth – • Trench Warfare – • Tanks – • Airplanes – • Submarines – • Biological Warfare – • Government Sponsored propaganda – • Total War –

10. Between the Wars What new forms of government develop after WWI? • Fascism – a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual and emphasizes the need for a strong central government led by a dictator. In a fascist government people’s lives are controlled by the government and any opposition is suppressed. • Russian Communism – a political philosophy where the government is in control of the economy and all the means of production. Workers are sent to work in government run factories and business and all aspects of social life are controlled by the government. The government also distributes the wealth evenly amongst the population. Causes of the Great Depression: • After World War I the economies of most of the countries in Europe were destroyed and unemployment was extremely high when the soldiers returned from the front lines. • Many countries in Europe, especially Germany, were dependent on loans from the United States to keep their economies and governments running. When the U.S. stock market crashes in 1929, a lot of U.S. banks and investors pull back their money from Europe, which crashes the economy in Europe. • These economic problems filter out to the rest of the world through Europe’s colonies and it becomes a worldwide depression.

11. How did the Great Depression help to lead to the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, Franco, and Tojo? • Poor economic conditions in these countries in the 1930’s lead to desperation on the part of much of their population. Many people were willing to suspend a portion of their own civil rights if a leader was able to end their economic problems and return prosperity to the country. • These leaders attacked these problems by building up large militaries, creating huge public works projects, and persecuting groups in their countries that had wealth and power. What impact did Stalin’s plans have on the population and economy of the Soviet Union? • Five Year Plan – Stalin’s first Five Year Plan was a plan that forced the Russian economy to turn from agricultural production into industry producing material goods, heavy, machinery and weapons. It produced many factories and goods, but caused great suffering among the Russian people as the government forced people to move into cities to work in these factories. However, they did not make accommodations for all of these new workers and millions were forced to live in terrible housing conditions and were not allowed to leave their assigned areas. • Collectivization – this was a plan that took all private farms away from their owners and turned the land into huge government owned farms. The former farm owners were then forced to work on their former land, but with the food and profits going to the government. This process lead to millions of former farm workers starving in the first years of the program as the government got the program up and running.

12. VOCAB: • The Nuremburg Laws – • Lebensraum – • Aryan supremacy – • Appeasement – • League of Nations –

13. World War II Causes of World War II: • The Treaty of Versailles – The treaty that ended WWI was unpopular with both Italy and Germany. Italy was unhappy that they were treated as a junior power by Great Britain, France, and the U.S. They were not given any of the territory they petitioned for after WWI and almost all of their demands were not met. Germany was treated extremely harshly. They were forced to accept blame for the war, get rid of their military, pay a huge war debt that wrecked their economy, give up land to France, and were treated very poorly in the dealing with the other countries. • Appeasement – This policy was used by Great Britain and France to try to keep Hitler and Nazi Germany happy by giving in to their demands for territory in order to keep the Germans from starting another World War in Europe. However, it only contributed to causing the war because giving into Hitler’s demands only strengthened Germany and gave Hitler confidence to expand his goals. • The Depression – The poor economic conditions in Europe contributed to the rise of dictatorships in numerous countries around Europe. These dictatorships, especially in Germany, then brought the continent into war. • U.S. Trade policies with Japan – The United States was very concerned with Japan’s expansion in the Pacific Ocean and threatened to cut off trade with Japan unless they returned a large portion of their captured land. Japan would be cut off from their main source of raw materials like iron and oil. This lead Japan to attack the U.S. in hopes that they would concede control of the pacific Ocean to Japan.

14. Identify the reasons and parties involved in the following events: • The Rape of Nanking – The Chinese army commits genocide of the Chinese population of the city of Nanking. They are especially brutal to women, and kill their victims in extremely brutal fashion. • Bombings of Berlin, Dresden, and Tokyo – The American Air Force ruthlessly fire-bombs(explosives that spread flammable liquid instead of shrapnel) the cities of Berlin, Dresden, and Tokyo in the hopes that it will convince the populations of those cities that the cost of the war is too high and they will pressure their leaders to end the war. • U.S. Internment of the Japanese – During WWII, the government of the United States gave in to racist pressure from people who thought that Japanese-Americans could not be trusted and would work to sabotage the war effort. Japanese Americans on the west coast of the country were then rounded up and transported to prison-style camps on the interior of the country until the end of the war. • Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – In 1945 the United States government decided to use the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in an effort to convince Japan to surrender rather than go through an invasion of the Japanese home islands, which may have cost nearly 1 million American lives. This brought the world into an new age of war with newer and more deadlier weapons. • The Holocaust – The Nazi party rounded up and engaged in a plan of extermination against the Jewish population of Europe. • Treatment of POW’s – POW’s were treated reasonably well by the powers of Europe, however POW’s under Japanese control were treated very poorly. Sent on long marches, starved, and forced to work on huge labor projects until death.

15. VOCAB: Identify the following and how it changed or affected the outcome of WWII: • Codes and code breaking – • R.A.D.A.R. – • Kamikaze – • Atomic Bombs – • Panzers – • Blitzkrieg – • Island Hopping – Identify the importance of each of these events: • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • Invasion of Poland • Pearl Harbor • Battle of Midway • Battle of Stalingrad • Battle of Britain • Normandy/D-Day • Yalta • Potsdam

16. Identify each of the following people and the role they played in WWII: • Neville Chamberlain – • Franklin Roosevelt – • Winston Churchill – • Benito Mussolini – • Adolf Hitler – • Joseph Stalin – • Dwight Eisenhower – • Douglas McArthur – • Emperor Hirohito – • Hideki Tojo – • Harry Truman –

17. The Cold War How did the economic and political differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union lead to the Cold War? • The United States practices capitalism and democracy, where individuals have the freedom to participate in government and own and run their own businesses. Communism is the exact opposite philosophy. Both sides believed the other to be wrong and they began competing to spread their philosophy around the world. So, they also began trying to stop each other and build up their militaries to defend against attack by one another. How were the following people associated with the Communist Revolution in China in the 1940’s and 50’s? • Chiang Kai-shek – He lead a group of capitalist, democratic Chinese(called the Nationalists) in a civil war against the communist Chinese party to establish a new government in China after WWII. After the Nationalists were defeated, they moved to Taiwan and set up an independent government there. • Mao Zedong – He was he leader of the Chinese Communists in the civil war following WWII. After the communist victory, he ruled China for several years and forced huge changes on the Chinese society.

18. Explain the policies of Communist China and their affects on the Chinese people: • The Great Leap Forward – Chinese communist leaders started a program that they thought would dramatically increase the food production of the country. They eliminated all private farms into giant farming communities of 30,000 acres or more and forced peasants to work on them in giant sharing communities. However, the Chinese people hated being forced to break their traditions and refused to work. This lead to huge drops in food production and over 15 million people starve. • The Cultural Revolution – Communist Chinese leaders started a program to erase traditional Chinese culture. The tried to change the way the government ran, the way people lived, and all old traditions. This was met with a lot of resistance. The Chinese government arrested, persecuted and executed anyone who opposed them. Who were the communist aligned countries during the Cold War and the U.S. aligned countries? • Communist – Soviet Union, China, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, China, Mongolia, North Korea, North Vietnam, Cuba. • Democratic – U.S., Great Britain, Italy, France, Portugal, Belgium, Canada, South Korea, South Vietnam, Greenland, Iceland, Turkey How did glasnost, perestroika, and détente add to the collapse of the Soviet Union? • Glasnost – an new openness in the freedom of speech and freedom of the press in the Soviet Union which allowed people to discuss the government and its problems. • Perestroika – restructuring of the Soviet economy to allow more free enterprise and capitalism. • Détente – a period of relaxed tensions between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

19. Post War Independence How and why was Israel created after WWII? • After WWII, the United Nations(Mainly Great Britain and the United States) decided that it was the world’s responsibility to create a homeland for the Jews displaced by WWII and the Nazis. Jews had been migrating to Palestine for years, believing that it was the promised land they had been given in their religious texts. Their petition for statehood was granted by the United Nations in 1948, which divided the existing state of Palestine into a Jewish country and an Arab one. Why was there resentment of the United States and European nations among many Arabs and Muslims even before Israel was created? Why did the creation of Israel make it worse? • Because western nations had been interfering in affairs in the area for hundreds of years. Including the period of imperialism where the European nations colonized large parts of the land. Also, there had been long standing disagreements, fighting, and distrust between Christian and Muslims for hundreds of years dating back to Muslim invasions of Europe and the Crusades. The creation of Israel in 1948 was viewed as western nations using their power to force Arab nations to accept their wishes. What was the origin of the Indian independence movement? How did Mohandas Ghandi and Jawaharial Nehru play a part? * The movement for Indian independence from great Britain begins after WWI. Leaders like Ghandi used non-violent protests and demonstrations to pressure the British government to give Indians more influence in running their own government.

20. Jawaharial Nehru joined the Indian independence movement in the 1930’s and made the movement more modern and adopted modern ideas about government from Great Britain. • Finally, in 1947, Britain granted independence to their former colony of India. Unfortunately, there were major differences between the Muslim and Hindu groups in India that would make the new government very hard to run. So, the former colony was divided into a Hindu country(India) and a Muslim country(Pakistan) in the north. What was the Cuban Revolution and why did it destroy the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba? • The Cuban Revolution of 1959 was a revolution lead by communist leader Fidel Castro against the corrupt government of dictator Fulgenico Batista. Batista was supported by the United States and was friendly to U.S. businesses which Castro thought exploited Cuban workers for American profit. • Castro led a guerilla style war against Batista and his army and eventually won in 1959. He immediately set up a communist dictatorship and asked the Soviet Union for help and support and caused much tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

21. VOCAB: How are the following relate to the Cold War? • Truman Doctrine – • Marshall Plan – • Containment Theory – • Warsaw Pact – • North Atlantic Treaty Organization – • Domino Theory – • Berlin Airlift – • Sputnik – • Vietnam War – • Bay of Pigs Invasion – • Cuban Missile Crisis – • Space Race – • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan – • Juan Peron – • Augusto Pinochet –

22. Post Cold War Era How has the spread of technology and the Information Revolution changed the way the world works? • After the end of the Cold War, most of the world began to communicate more freely due to major advancements in technology such as satellite communication, the Internet, television, and intercontinental flight. This has lead to a smaller, more inter-connected world in which information between different races, nations, and cultures can be shared quickly and easily. • This has lead to the spread and exchange of cultures from around the world. Information can now be sent almost instantly from any point in the world to another. Ideas, styles, and information now has a much greater influence on other parts of the world than in did in any other period in history. • This has become know as Globalization. What is religious fundamentalism? • Religious fundamentalism is a belief that life, society, and government should be ruled by a return to religious law and should be very strictly followed. It also rejects the influence of outside cultures and religions and preaches intolerance of those ideas. • Fundamentalism developed as a reaction to the new multicultural world that began to develop after the Cold War. Some people saw the Information Revolution as a threat to their traditional cultures and ways of life and reacted by swearing off all outside influence and reject outside ideas and cultures.

23. What method have many of the fundamentalist groups chosen to fight against outside influences? • Terrorism What is terrorism? • The use of violence against civilians, committed by a non-governmental group, to create fear within another group to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. VOCAB: • Al-Qaeda – • The Taliban – • PLO – • Hezbollah – • Globalization – • Iranian Revolution –