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Empire, Slavery and War

Empire, Slavery and War. Atlantic Economy in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries. Characteristics World trade became fundamental Spain and Portugal revitalized their empires and began drawing more wealth from renewed development.

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Empire, Slavery and War

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  1. Empire, Slavery and War

  2. Atlantic Economy in the 17th and 18th Centuries • Characteristics • World trade became fundamental • Spain and Portugal revitalized their empires and began drawing more wealth from renewed development. • Netherlands, Great Britain, and France benefited most; Great Britain the leading maritime power. • Britain’s commercial leadership based on mercantilism • Navigation Laws: aimed to reduce Dutch trade in Atlantic region (1st in 1651, Cromwell)

  3. Atlantic Slave Trade • Basis of the Triangular Trade System. • Nearly 10 million transported. • Millions more died in the ordeal. • In the 1780s, European participation died off, but it was not outlawed by Britain until 1807.

  4. South Sea Bubble • South Sea Bubble: responsible for exploiting the asiento other commercial privileges won from Spain after Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • Took over large portion of public debt by receiving gov’t bonds in return for shares of its stock. • Stock values soared but the “bubble” burst in 1720 • England recovered better than France who had created a Mississippi Bubble for New Orleans commerce. • “Bubble Act”: forbade joint-stock companies, except those chartered by gov’t

  5. 3 Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-74) • hurt Dutch shipping and commerce • Netherlands’ “golden age”: during 1st half of 17th century, now in decline

  6. Colonial Wars: Britain v. France • War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War) (1701-1713) • Treaty of Utrecht (1713): • Britain received asiento (slave trade) from Spain • Britain allowed to send 1 ship of merchandise annually into Panama • Britain received control of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and

  7. Colonial Wars: Britain v. France • War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739): started over Spanish anger over British abuse of asiento. • Expanded into War of Austrian Succession the following year • War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War) (1740-1748) • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748): restored status quo prior to war

  8. Colonial Wars: Britain v. France • Seven Years War (French and Indian War, The Great War for Empire) (1754-1763) Continental War primary between Prussia and Austria. • Global war in North America, Caribbean and India. • William Pitt the Elder: successfully led war effort from Parliament for UK; British naval superiority won the day. Flag of Maryland Militia under G. Washington, defeated at Ft. Duquesne

  9. Colonial Wars: Britain v. France • Robert Clive defeats French backers in India at the Battle of Plassey (June 1557) • General Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham (Battle of Quebec) in Sept. 1759. • Treaty of Paris (1763): • Britain gained all French territory in North America (Canada and the US Midwest) • Spain gained New Orleans and Louisiana. • Removed French from significant position in India.

  10. British in India • Took advantage of the teetering Mughal Empire. • The British East India Company grew in power; ruled Bengal. • India Act of 1784 placed India under control of British gov’t • The British Raj transformed India into the “Jewel of the British Crown” in the 19th century.

  11. Spanish Colonies • Spain’s Latin American colonies: helped revitalize Spanish empire in 18th c. • gold and silver mining recovered • significant trade with mother country • Creoles elite came to rival top Spanish authorities (about 10% of population) • Mestizos increased to about 20% of population • black slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico

  12. Portuguese Colonies • Portuguese Brazil: about 50% of population African by early 19th c. • more successful in blending races than in Spanish colonies or United States • Slavery remained in place until the end of the 19th century.

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