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2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms B. Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes

2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms B. Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes C.Chemical Compounds D.Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds 2. Covalent Bonds 3. Van der Waals Forces. Atomic Structure. Isotopes of Carbon. Nonradioactive carbon-12. Nonradioactive carbon-13.

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2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms B. Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes

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  1. 2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms B. Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes C.Chemical Compounds D.Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds 2. Covalent Bonds 3. Van der Waals Forces

  2. Atomic Structure

  3. Isotopes of Carbon Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14 6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons

  4. Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1

  5. Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1

  6. Ionic Bonding

  7. Covalent Bonding

  8. 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule 1. Polarity 2. Hydrogen Bonds B. Solutions and Suspensions 1. Solutions 2. Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1. The pH Scale 2. Acids 3. Bases 4. Buffers

  9. pH Scale Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Increasingly Basic Soap Sea water Human blood Neutral Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Increasingly Acidic Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid

  10. NaCI Solution Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water

  11. NaCI Solution Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water

  12. 2–3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon B. Macromolecules C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids F. Proteins

  13. Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain

  14. Carbon Compounds Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

  15. A Starch Starch Glucose

  16. Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

  17. Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

  18. Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

  19. A Protein Amino acids

  20. 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A. Chemical Reactions B. Energy in Reactions 1. Energy Changes 2. Activation Energy C.Enzymes D.Enzyme Action 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

  21. Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products

  22. Chemical Reactions Energy-Releasing Reaction Energy-Absorbing Reaction Activation energy Products Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products

  23. Chemical Reactions Energy-Releasing Reaction Energy-Absorbing Reaction Activation energy Products Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products

  24. Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products

  25. Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products

  26. Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products

  27. Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products

  28. Enzymatic Reactions

  29. Terms to know Dehydration synthesis = forming a substance and using water (water is a product) Hydrolysis = breaking down of substance and forming of water (water is a reactant) -lysis = to break down

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