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Enlightenment Era: Transformative Ideas and Influential Figures

The Enlightenment period (1720-1790) marked a shift following the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. Key thinkers like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx influenced government and economics. Their works, such as Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" and Smith's "The Wealth of Nations," advocated for self-government, free-market economy, and economic equality. Figures like Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot contributed to intellectual discourse through writings and social gatherings. Enlightened despots like Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great implemented reforms in their realms. The era also saw advancements in music with composers like Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven shaping the Baroque and Classical periods.

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Enlightenment Era: Transformative Ideas and Influential Figures

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  1. The Enlightenment Time Period: 1720 - 1790 Definition: Evolved from ideas of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution

  2. Government and Economics • John Locke • Thomas Hobbes • Adam Smith • Karl Marx

  3. John Locke • Book: Two Treaties of Government • Favored Self-government. • Life, liberty, property. • Citizens have the right to overthrow its government. • Thomas Jefferson used his works to develop the Declaration of Independence.

  4. Thomas Hobbes • Book: Leviathan • Absolute monarchy is the best government because without strong government chaos would occur. • Citizens don’t have the right to rebel against government.

  5. Adam Smith • Book: The Wealth of Nations • Three Laws of Economics: 1. Self-Interest; 2. Competition; 3. Supply and Demand. • Free Market Economy • Laisse-Faire economics

  6. Karl Marx • Book: Communist Manifesto • Believed workers would revolts against owners. • All profits would be shared bringing economic equality. • Classless society. • Socialism

  7. Cast of Characters • Voltaire • Montesquieu • Rousseau • Diderot • Madame Geoffrin

  8. Voltaire • Book: Candide • Most recognized figure of the Enlightenment • Fought against prejudice, intolerance, and superstition (religion).

  9. Baron de Montesquieu • Book: The Spirit of Laws • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances • Basis for United States Constitution

  10. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Book: The Social Contract • Strange (mentally ill) but gifted man • People were good by nature, but gov’t. power makes them corrupt. • The best government is one that is ruled by the consent of the people.

  11. Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot • Compiled a set of books that leading scholars would contribute essays and articles. • Topics included: science, math, music, art, medicine, government, law, geography, etc.

  12. Salons • Large social gatherings in which the best poets, keenest wits, and most charming conversationalists would join together for refined conversations at a hostesses mansion. • Madame Geoffrin was the most famous host.

  13. Enlightened Despots • Frederick the Great • Catherine the Great • Emperor Joseph II

  14. Frederick the Great • King of Prussia • Reforms included:religion;reduced censorship; improved education; judicial system. • “First servant of the state” • Friend of Voltaire

  15. Catherine the Great • Ruled Russia • Reforms included: Religious; abolished capital punishment; education. • Bought Diderot’s private library. • Expanded Russia’s lands

  16. Emperor Joseph II • Leader of Austria • Reforms included: freedom of press; legal reforms; religion. • Successor of Maria Theresea.

  17. Baroque & Classical Music • Bach • Handel • Haydn • Mozart • Beethoven

  18. Baroque Period • Term means, “odd” • Noted for drama and complexity • Fugue and counterpoint are two musical techniques included in Baroque period

  19. Johann Sebastian Bach • 1685 - 1750 • German Lutheran • Religious music for organs and choirs • Sonatas for violins and harpsichords. • Baroque Music

  20. George Frederick Handel • 1685 - 1759 • German / England • “Water Music” & “Messiah” most notable works • Wrote 30 Operas • Christmas and Easter music are identified with him.

  21. Classical Period • Began in the Mid 1700s • Unity, clarity, and balance were characteristics of the period • Symphony, concerto, and sonata came to dominate music at this time

  22. Joseph Haydn • Born in 1732 • From Austria • Known as “Father of the symphony” • Composed for Stringed Quartets

  23. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • From Austria • Child prodigy that performed for royalty • “Marriage of Figaro” & “Magic Flute” are most notable pieces • Died at 31 in 1791

  24. Ludwig van Beethoven • 1770 - 1827 • Born in Austria • Identified as the most successful of the classical composers. • Carried music into the Age of Romanticism

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