The Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive

1. The Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive

2. Relative Pronoun • In Latin, the relative pronoun is quī, quae, quod who (m.) = quī who (f.) = quae which (n.) = quod

3. Relative Pronoun • We have already learned that a relative pronoun can introduce a relative clause. Normally, relative clauses use indicative verbs: Tū es fēmīna quam amō. You are the woman whom I love.

4. Relative Pronoun • However, relative clauses don’t always have to use an indicative verb. They can also use a verb in the SUBJUNCTIVE. • If a relative clause uses a subjunctive verb, there are three distinct functions of the clause: • Relative Clause of Characteristic • Relative Clause of Purpose • Relative Clause of Result

5. Although we learned that Result Clauses normally occur in ut clauses, Result Clauses also can occur within a relative clause. When this occurs, a Relative Clause of Resultis formed. The Relative Clause of Resultis a Result Clause in which the ut/ut nonis replaced by a qui/quin. Quisesttamfortisqui sine armispugnet?? Who is so brave that he would fight without arms?? Relative Clauses of Result

6. Quisesttamfortisqui sine armispugnet?? Who is sobrave that he would fight without arms?? Although this construction is sometimes difficult to render in English, it is relatively simple to identify: T-word + qui/quin + subjunctive Relative Clauses of Result

7. Practice Quisest tam malus qui cum amicissuispugnet? Who is so hard of mind that he will fight with his friends? Hoc carmenesttam difficulequinintellegīpossit. This poem is so difficult that it is not able to be understood.

8. Other Relative Clauses • So, Relative Clauses of Result can be indentified in part by the use of a t-word before the qui-clause itself. • The other two relative clauses, however, have no distinguishing features to assist with identification. • The best way to distinguish them is trial and error.

9. Relative Clause of Characteristic • The relative clause of characteristic is another relative clause that uses the subjunctive. • It serves to indicate the sort of person/thing the antecedent of the relative pronoun is. • The meaning is similar to the English colloquial phrase: “you would be that guy!”

10. Relative Clause of Characteristic Examples: Nōnlaudāmusvirum, quīrempublicampugnet. We do not praise the man who would attack the republic. Cicerōerat, quīvitamprōrēpublicādaret. Cicero was (a man) who would give his life for the republic. N.B.: Since the rel. clause of char. uses a dependent subjunctive, the Sequence of Tenses IS employed.

11. Relative Clause of Characteristic More Examples: Cleopatra vidēbatur regina, quae urbem bene regeret. Cleopatra seemed to be a queen who would rule her city well. Poēta ille carmina cecinit, quae hominibus virtutem docēret. The famous poet sang songs that would teach virtue to men. N.B.: Since the rel. clause of char. uses a dependent subjunctive, the Sequence of Tenses IS employed.

12. Relative Clause of Characteristic • To negate a relative clause of characteristic, use the word quin. quin= qui + non Sōlaeratquīnhaecintellegeret. She was the only (one) who wouldn’t understand these things.

13. Translation Practice • Librumhabēbamquemamārēs. • I used to have a book that you would have liked. • Vīvimus in urbe, quae videaturpulchramultīs. • We live in a city that would seem beautiful to many. • Caesar nullumvirum ad bellum duxitquinprōRomāmoreretur. • Caesar led no man to war who would not have died for Rome.

14. Relative Clause of Purpose The last function of the subjunctive in a relative clause is called the relative clause of purpose. The relative clause of purpose is a type of combination of a relative clause and the typical purpose clause introduced by ut or ne. Like the relative clauses of characteristic and result, the relative clause of purpose also uses a dependent subjunctive and, therefore, is subject to the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

15. Relative Clause of Purpose Examples: Rēgīnamīlitēs in prōvinciammittet, quīcivesterreant. The queen will send soldiers into the province who may frighten the citizens. The queen will send soldiers into the province, so that they may frighten the inhabitants. Pater filiaepecūniamdēdit, quae eīplacēret. The father gave his daughter money that might please her. The father gave his daughter money so that it might please her.

16. Translation Practice • Rōmānīlēgātōsmittuntquīdēcōnsiliōdicant. • The Romans are sending envoies who may talk about the plan. • Haechabui quae de libertatedicerem. • I had these things that I might have said about freedom. • Milites misit qui hostesvincerent. • S/he sent the soldiers to conquer the enemies.

17. Homework HW 50