Outline

1. Evaluation of hydroacoustics for monitoring suspended-sediment transport in riversScott Wright (CA WSC) and David Topping (GCMRC)Special acknowledgement to Cory Williams (CO WSC) and Molly Wood (ID WSC) for data and assistanceOSW Webinars, 29-Sep-09, 2-Oct-09

2. Outline • Brief background on the project • Basic theory and approach (single frequency) – Colorado River • Applications on other rivers - Gunnison, Clearwater • Analysis of historical sediment data using acoustics theory • Summary, limitations, publications, FAQs, future work

3. Project background • “Exploratory” deployments of side-looking ADCPs along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in 2002, by Ted Melis and David Topping, yielded some interesting results and “new” methods • Given the increasing popularity of side-lookers at gaging stations and the potential to monitor sediment flux (i.e. discharge and concentration) with a single instrument, it was desired to evaluate these new methods in a broader context • We submitted a proposal to FISP/OSW to do this, and received funding in FYs 2008 and 2009 • The main goal of the project is to develop a “manual” for using hydroacoustics to monitor suspended-sediment transport, drawing from our experience on the Colorado, from other available datasets, and from acoustics theory and historical sediment data Nortek EZQ

4. Basic theory and approach Transducer emits sound waves and records what comes back (i.e. listens to the echo); profilers use “range-gating” to bin the data (e.g. velocity profiles) The amount of sound returned to the transducer (backscatter) depends on: - The concentration, size, shape, and density of the stuff suspended in the beam path (i.e. “targets” or “scatterers”) - The distance from the transducer, because there are “transmission” losses along the beam (beam spreading, absorption) Once corrected for transmission losses, standard theory suggests that: a ~ 0.1 b is an instrument-specific constant Lots and lots of literature on this approach for uniform, sand-sized particles, developed primarily for coastal applications

5. Example profiles – raw data Raw data from the instrument (counts) Blue profile reaches the noise floor Red profile encounters an object (river bottom)

6. Transmission loss corrections Along-beam transmission losses occur due to beam spreading, absorption by the fluid, and potentially, attenuation by the sediment First step is to remove the spreading and fluid absorption, as follows: FCB denotes the “fluid corrected backscatter” MB is the measured backscatter (i.e. what the instrument records) R is the slant range (along-beam distance from transducer) f is the fluid absorption coefficient (dependent on temperature and salinity) For some environments (coastal, tidal rivers), these are the only corrections required • Wall, G.R., Nystrom, E.A., and Litten, Simon, 2006, Use of an ADCP to compute suspended-sediment discharge in the tidal Hudson River, New York: USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5055, 16 p.

7. Application to Colorado River Colorado River FCB profiles suggested that the silt-and-clay fraction was causing additional along-beam attenuation, with little or no influence on overall backscatter level (1st bin) 1000 kHz Nortek EZQ

8. Application to Colorado River FCB profiles also suggested that the sand fraction was causing large changes in backscatter, but little to no along-beam attenuation Previous acoustics work had focused on narrow size distributions, sand only (coastal applications); rivers have more complicated size distributions Can a single frequency be used to monitor silt-and-clay and sand concentrations?

9. Why? Backscatter – Attenuation theory Theory and experimental results support our observations on the Colorado River For typical ADCP frequencies and for sizes typically in suspension in rivers, backscatter and attenuation trend in opposite directions Attenuation is much greater for clay than sand, while backscatter is much greater for sand than clay 1000 kHz frequency

10. Sediment attenuation coefficient Sediment attenuation coefficient can be computed from the slope of the linear regression between FCB and R:

11. Silt-and-clay vs Attenuation For the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, attenuation coefficients are very highly correlated with silt-and-clay concentrations Linear relation and slope are consistent with theory and experimental observations (for 5-10 µm particles) Result is consistent for several sites in 400 km reach

12. Sand vs Backscatter Backscatter profiles can then be corrected for sediment attenuation: For calibration with sand concentration, SCB profiles can be averaged, or individual bins can be used For Colorado River in Grand Canyon, results are consistent with theory and across multiple sites

13. Methods summary Correct measured backscatter profiles for beam spreading and fluid absorption (FCB); remove data below noise floor Apply linear regression to FCB profiles to compute sediment attenuation coefficients (is sediment attenuation important for your site?) Calibrate sediment attenuation coefficients to silt-and-clay concentrations – should be roughly linear Further correct backscatter profiles for sediment attenuation (SCB) Calibrate backscatter level (average over the range or use individual bins) to sand concentration – roughly log-linear with slope ~0.1 Methods were developed using data from the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. How general are they?

14. Outline • Brief background on the project • Basic theory and approach (single frequency) – Colorado River • Applications on other rivers - Gunnison, Clearwater • Analysis of historical sediment data using acoustics theory • Summary, limitations, publications, FAQs, future work

15. Gunnison River, CO Concurrent sediment and side-looking ADCP data collected by CO WSC in 2007, provided to our project by Cory Williams Gunnison River near Grand Junction, CO - 09152500 1500 kHz SonTek SL Sediment dynamics are similar to the Colorado (it’s a tributary), high silt-and-clay during summer storms

16. Gunnison River example Raw data profiles generally look good, no obstructions

17. Gunnison River example Correct for beam spreading and absorption, then compute attenuation from linear regression:

18. Gunnison River example Correct for sediment attenuation, then average SCB over the range of good data (i.e. above noise)

19. Gunnison River example Silt-and-clay calibration similar to CO River Non-linear relation tends to work better for low concentrations

20. Gunnison River example Sand calibration also similar to Colorado River, slightly higher slope Not as many samples as for silt-and-clay, pump samples not representative for sand

21. Gunnison River example GCLAS was used to estimate daily total sediment loads (~daily pump samples) Comparison is good at high and low loads, some discrepancy at medium loads Over all days (109), total load from acoustics was 7% greater than from GCLAS Williams, C.A., Gerner, S.J., and Elliott, J.G. (2009). “Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, water years 2005–2008”, U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 409, 123 pp.

22. Clearwater River, ID Concurrent sediment and side-looking ADCP data collected by ID WSC in 2008-2009, provided to our project by Molly Wood Clearwater River at Spalding, ID – 13342500 500, 3000 kHz SonTek SLs Sediment dynamics are quite different from Colorado and Gunnison, more water – less sediment, silt-and-clay and sand track more closely with each other and Q

23. Clearwater River example Raw data profiles generally look good, no obstructions 3000 kHz instrument

24. Clearwater River example Correct for beam spreading and absorption, then compute attenuation from linear regression: 3000 kHz instrument

25. Clearwater River example Correct for sediment attenuation, then average SCB over the range of good data (i.e. above noise) 3000 kHz instrument

26. Clearwater River example Silt-and-clay calibration looks OK, slope is lower than for the Colorado and Gunnison, indicating coarser sediment (more silt, less clay) Non-zero attenuation at very low concentrations, not sure why, maybe organics? 3000 kHz instrument

27. Clearwater River example Sand calibration is quite similar to other river applications 3000 kHz instrument

28. Clearwater River example 500 kHz instrument Silt-and-clay calibration (not shown) is not very good; attenuation rates are less for lower frequencies and difficult to measure over the extended range, unless concentrations are very high Sand calibration looks OK Higher frequencies appear to be better for low sediment supply rivers

29. Outline • Brief background on the project • Basic theory and approach (single frequency) – Colorado River • Applications on other rivers - Gunnison, Clearwater • Analysis of historical sediment data using acoustics theory • Summary, limitations, publications, FAQs, future work

30. Evaluation of historical sediment data In the absence of acoustic data, method can be evaluated from theoretical-empirical relations and sediment data Relative backscatter and attenuation computed (from eqs underlying figure at right) from concentration and particle size data To do this, we compiled a sediment database for a range of large rivers from NWIS

32. Evaluation of historical sediment data Lots of sediment finer than 2 µm Computed attenuation dominated by clay sized particles Computed backscatter dominated by 62 – 250 µm sand

33. Evaluation for other rivers Relative contributions to backscatter and attenuation were summed for silt-and-clay and sand sizes Results support previous findings: Silt-and-clay dominates attenuation Sand dominates backscatter

34. Outline • Brief background on the project • Basic theory and approach (single frequency) – Colorado River • Applications on other rivers - Gunnison, Clearwater • Analysis of historical sediment data using acoustics theory • Summary, limitations, publications, FAQs, future work

35. Summary – single frequency • Side-looking acoustic profilers can simultaneously measure two quantities related to suspended sediment: 1) attenuation and 2) backscatter • For size distributions typical of rivers, and for typical ADCP frequencies, theory suggests that attenuation should be dominated by the silt-and-clay fraction while backscatter should be dominated by the sand fraction • Concurrent ADCP and sediment data from the Colorado, Gunnison, and Clearwater Rivers support the theory – need more sites for a more comprehensive assessment • Historical sediment data from a large database, analyzed in the context of acoustics theory, also support the theory and field-based findings, and suggest that the approach should be generally applicable • There are limitations…

36. Limitations • The silt-and-clay:attenuation and sand:backscatter dependencies can break down under certain conditions, for example when one fraction is present in much, much greater quantities than the other (i.e. if silt-and-clay concentrations are high and there is no sand, then silt-and-clay contributes to backscatter); corrections can be developed, but data are needed to do so • Changes in particle size distributions can affect calibrations because backscatter and attenuation depend on particle size; multiple frequency applications can help, but increases complexity • The technique is more complicated than other “surrogates” (e.g. turbidity, laser-diffraction), it requires processing and editing of large datasets, and an understanding of the theory is helpful to interpret “strange” results; we can provide basic guidelines, but each site will be different

37. Multi-frequency Because the backscatter-attenuation-concentration-size relations depend on frequency, adding frequencies adds new information on the suspension Two different approaches have been used: 1) ratio of backscatter at two frequencies is used to get mean size (coastal applications); 2) assigning different frequencies to different sand size ranges (CO River) These applications are still in the experimental phase, and depend on the specifics of your application Does the need justify the additional cost and complexity involved?

38. Multi-frequency In Grand Canyon, we’re interested in monitoring the median sand size 3 frequencies are used, and each is calibrated to a separate fraction of the sand size range: 2000 kHz – very fine sand 1000 kHz – fine sand 600 kHz – medium sand D50 computed from the 3 size fractions

39. Publications • Series of conference papers on Colorado River work, most recent is: Topping, D.J., Wright, S.A., Melis, T.S., and Rubin, D.M. (2007). “High-resolution measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and grain size in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon using a multi-frequency acoustic system”, in Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on River Sedimentation. Aug 1–4, Moscow, Russia. Volume III. • Article in review at Journal of Hydraulic Engineering: Wright, S.A., and Topping, D.J., in review. “Evaluation of acoustic profilers for discriminating silt-and-clay from suspended-sand in rivers” J. Hyd. Eng. • Comprehensive USGS Techniques and Methods report on the Colorado River applications (and maybe others), first-authored by Topping, due by the end of this calendar year • Some sort of technical memorandum with basic guidelines for people who want to apply the technology, with answers to FAQs such as:

40. Future work • Finish writing for this project • More data! The most important next step is to expand the number of sites collecting concurrent ADCP and sediment data – we can’t do much more without more data from a range of sites • Software development – For the methods to become “general use”, a software package for editing and developing the calibrations would be helpful • Coordination and support – Until the methods are more fully tested, it would be helpful to have an ongoing national USGS project tasked with expanding the data network, coordinating the effort, and providing support to WSCs for deployments and data analysis

41. Frequently asked questions • What frequency should I use? 1000-1500 kHz seems to be a good, all-purpose frequency; for low concentrations, high frequency is better; for high concentrations, low frequency is better • Should I analyze raw counts or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? Both; theoretically either should work but we’ve seen at least one example where SNR noise level changes confounded the calibrations; best to try both, at least initially • Which beam should I use? All; analyze data from all beams separately, then combine at the last step if desired • What blanking and cell configuration should I use? Use the minimum blanking allowed; more, smaller cells is better (can average later) • What power settings should I use? For high silt-and-clay concentrations, high power is best; if backscatter is getting “pegged” at the top of the instruments’ range, reducing the power may help • What sediment data should I collect and how should it be processed? All samples should be processed for silt/sand split, with a subset processed for full size distribution if possible; the method is empirical in nature and thus only as good as the sediment data, so it’s important to get samples over a range of concentrations

42. Questions?Scott Wright, sawright@usgs.gov, 916-278-3024