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R.E. Generators: Hydropower Prime Movers and Others

R.E. Generators: Hydropower Prime Movers and Others. Unit 9a. Use Policy. This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.

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R.E. Generators: Hydropower Prime Movers and Others

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  1. R.E. Generators:Hydropower Prime Movers and Others Unit 9a Source:

  2. Use Policy • This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786. • All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes. Source:

  3. Author, Editors/Reviewers • Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College • Editors/Reviewers / Modifiers: • Chris Miller Heartland Community College Source:

  4. Objectives • Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, the so-called hydrologic cycle, and its relationship to hydropower technology. • Students will be able to name a “kinetic” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates. • Students will be able to name a “water-head” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates. Source:

  5. Objectives • Students will be able to mathematically convert feet of water head into pounds-per-square-inch of pressure • Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, at least one method of extracting energy from the ocean. Source:

  6. Hydro Power History

  7. Hydropower History • Hydropower used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago. • Mid-1770s -- French hydraulic and military engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique, a four-volume work describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines.

  8. Hydropower History Source: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/fleischmann/d_archsuse05/210_constable_mill.jpg

  9. Hydropower History

  10. Hydropower History

  11. Hydro Electric Beginnings

  12. Hydroelectric Beginnings • 1880 -- Michigan's Grand Rapids electricity (DC) generated by a dynamo belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 Brush-arc lamps.

  13. Hydroelectric Beginnings • 1881 -- Niagara Falls city street lamps powered by a brushed dynamo connected to an old flour mill drive.

  14. Hydroelectric Beginnings • 1882 -- Hydroelectric power plant operating on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin. Source: http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_10_01.jpg

  15. The War of the Currents

  16. The Wizard Who Spat on the Floor Source: http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20100410182815/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/c/ce/Edisonx2.jpg/150px-Edisonx2.jpg

  17. The Eccentric Serb Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/220px-Teslathinker.jpg

  18. Source: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/images/390414_b.gif

  19. Source: http://www.b92.net/news/pics/2006/07/118552926044aa6e07b13ae812180880_200x235.jpg

  20. Source: http://api.ning.com/files/6Uhv8JceS2ky6Hdh4qxdKFytN5dyrB2D4O0CUpyZCHrOUKLK80jCdtyHeWAuJa945Y8s14QBfoB0pXnJA-cyJ-RXj6IiMqal/93033884.bin?width=136

  21. “In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…” The 1893 Columbian Exposition, World’s Fair, Chicago Source: http://www.acenor.cl/acenor/pag.gral/documentos/historia_electricidad_archivos/Chicago1.jpg

  22. Niagara Falls – Nov. 16, 1896 – Westinghouse and Tesla Send Electric Power to Buffalo, NY

  23. Hydro Power Fundamentals

  24. Solar Energy + Force of Gravity = Hydropower

  25. Hydropower Fundamentals • Kinetic-type primer movers • “Water Wheels” • Extract energy from stream-flow • Head or Pressure-type Prime Movers • High (inlet) Elevation – Low (discharge) Elevation = “Head” • PSI(pressure) = Feet of Water (head) X 0.433 • “A pint’s a pound the world around.” • 1 Ft3 = 7.48 gallons; 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds • 8.34 lbs/gal x 7.48 gal/ft3 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2 = 0.433

  26. Hydropower Fundamentals

  27. Hydro Prime Mover Types:Head-type Turbines • Low-Head and High-Flow • “Reaction Turbines” • Kinetic turbines (water wheels, and other flow converters) • Propeller turbines • Francis turbines (like a squirrel-cage centrifugal turbine) • High-Head and Low-Flow • “Impulse Turbines” • Pelton Turbines • Cross-flow Turbines

  28. Turbine Types and Applications 30 Meters 98 Feet or 5 Meters 16 Feet 300 Meters 984 Feet

  29. Hydro Prime Mover Types:Kinetic Source: http://hydropower.navajo.cz/hydropower-2.jpg

  30. Low-Head Propeller Turbine Low-Head = less than 16 feet Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png/300px-HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png

  31. Medium Head Francis Runner Source: http://www.capture3d.com/Images/Applications/turbines-3DmeasureFig9.jpg

  32. High Head Pelton Turbine

  33. Tesla Designed a Total System • Bladeless hydro-frictional turbine • 3-Phase alternator • Distribution transformers • Wireless transmission of electric power, to all points on the earth • World peace and harmony

  34. Tesla’s Frictional Turbine

  35. Source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/tesla-turbine-4.jpg

  36. Creating Water Head:Impoundment Source: http://media.thesolarguide.com/i/illust_howworks.gif

  37. Creating Water Head:Diversion Source: http://gator787.hostgator.com/~reapmgmt/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/diversionhydro-280x213.jpg

  38. Hydro Plant Sizes • Large Hydropower • Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as a capacity of more than 30 MW. • Small Hydropower • Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as a capacity of 100 KW to 30 MW. • Micro Hydropower • A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or small village.

  39. Micro-Hydro

  40. Micro Hydro Typically need at least 3 feet of head and 20 gpm of flow

  41. Harris Micro-hydro Source: http://www.firemountainsolar.com/pics/home_harrisCollageSM.jpg

  42. Stream Engine Micro-hydro

  43. Micro-hydro Installation Head (feet) x Flow (gpm) / 10 = Watts [For example, 30 gpm x 100 feet/ 10 = 300 watts]

  44. Other Hydro-Related Prime Movers

  45. Ocean Energy • The tidal forces and thermal storage of the ocean provide a major energy source • Wave action adds to the extractable surface energy • Major ocean currents (like the Gulf Stream) may be exploited to extract energy with rotors Source: http://www.yourgreendream.com/images/articles/wp_wave.jpg

  46. Ocean Energy: Tidal Energy • Tides are produced by gravitational forces of the moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation • Existing and possible sites: • France: La Rance river estuary 240 MW station • England: Severn River • Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of Fundy (1935 attempt failed) • California: high potential along the northern coast • Environmental, economic, and esthetic aspects have delayed implementation

  47. Barage Tidal Power

  48. Tidal-Stream Generators Source: http://www.metaefficient.com/wp-content/uploads/seagen_marine_current_turbine.jpg

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