Macromolecules

1. Macromolecules

2. Drag the 
definition 
and the 
word to 
the proper 
location of 
the 
pyramid. PULL for Instructions Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Bond between atoms of 1 or more element Chemical combination of 2 or more elements "Building blocks" of a living organisms Compound Atom Molecule CHECK ANSWERS Cell Elements

3. Drag the 
definition 
and the 
word to 
the proper 
location of 
the 
pyramid. PULL for Instructions Atom Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Elements Molecule Bond between atoms of 1 or more element Compound Chemical combination of 2 or more elements Cell "Building blocks" of a living organisms

4. Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry) Study of compounds that contain:  
 Carbon Although Carbon is important, organic molecules must 
also contain Hydrogen and Oxygen!

5. Why Carbon for Biochem? Carbon has 4 outer (valence) electrons Makes it possible to bond with many other 
elements & to other C atoms = Long Chains Forms many large molecules in living cells(macromolecules)

6. Types of Macromolecules There are 4 macromolecules or organic 
compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

7. Macromolecules This slide is 4 slides back in your packet! Macromolecules are formed by a 
process called polymerization - when monomers join to form 
polymers. Monomers - small molecule units 
(building blocks). Monomers can 
be identical or different. Polymers - larger molecules 
made of monomers.

8.  a. Condensation Reactions  aka: Dehydration synthesis  - Process of small monomers 
bonding together to make a larger 
molecule.  - Each monomer loses either a   –H or –OH group in order to   bond.  - As a result, for each bond 1 water molecule is formed. A + B = C + H2O

10.  b. Hydrolysis Reactions   Hydro = water lysis = to break - Refers to the breaking  
  apart of a polymer.  - Occurs during the digestion   of food molecules! C + H2O = A + B

12. Carbohydrates Elements Present: C,H,& O – in a 1:2:1 ratio Functions: Carbohydrates are living things 
main source of ENERGY. Some are also used 
for structural purposes.

13. Carbohydrates The monomers of carbohydrates are 
monosaccharides (simple sugars) All monosaccharides have a ring structure. Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples 
of monosaccharides -All monosaccharides have the chemical formula 
of C6H12O6. They are called isomers - they have the same chemical formula, but their structures 
are each different

14. Carbohydrates Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides 
bonded together (double sugar) Examples: sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose, lactose (milk sugar) = glucose +galactose maltose =glucose + glucose

15. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides - long chains of sugars 
(complex sugar) Examples: glycogen – stores excess energy in animals starch – stores excess energy in plants cellulose – makes up plant cell walls (for 
structure)

16. Move term to proper location PULL HERE Draw and label a carbohydrate carbon-hydrogen-oxygen 1:2:1 table sugar Glucose Fructose(fruit) Galactose(milk) monosaccharides long chains of monosaccharides simple sugar STARCH--potato, pasta,   bread, cereal CELLULOSE--plant cell wall plants (autotrophs) ring shaped monosaccharides primary source of energy polysaccharides

17. Lipids Elements Present:  mostly C & H w/some O Functions: Part of cell membranes Serve as chemical messengers (steroids) Long term energy source warmth waterproof coverings

18. Lipids Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring 
patterns Hydrocarbon tail + carboxylic acid = Fatty Acid

19. Lipids Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring 
patterns 3 Fatty Acids + one glycerol = a triglyceride

20. Lipids There are 3 types of fatty acids: 
saturated, monounsaturated, and 
polyunsaturated

21. Lipids Saturated Fatty Acids have no double 
bonds in their hydrocarbon chain They tend to be solid at room 
temperature: butter, lard, coconut oil*, 
peanut butter, mayonnaise, margarine Mmmm.... butter!!!!

22. Lipids Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond 
in their hydrocarbon tail. They tend to be liquid 
at room temp. Monounsaturated only have one 
double bond - olive oil Polyunsaturated have two or more double bonds in their 
hydrocarbon tail - corn oil, canola oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil

23. 6. Cholesterol a.  Soft waxy substance found in your  bloodstream with lipids. b. Used to form cell membranes, some 
hormones, and is needed for other cell functions. c. Lipoproteins 1. Transport cholesterol to & from cells. a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein) “Bad Cholesterol”    1. Carries cholesterol in the  
  blood. Too much can form  
  plaque in arteries.   b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) 
  “Good Cholesterol”   1. Takes cholesterol out of  
    blood and back to liver.

24. 7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils)   a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to make them solid.   b. Hydrogenating means   “adding hydrogen.”   c. When consumed, increases your LDL concentration.

25. Move term to proper location PULL HERE Draw and label a lipid glycerol and fatty acid insoluble in water saturated OR unsaturated E shaped fats, oils waxes steroids hormones and cell membranes carbon-hydrogen-oxygen energy storage

26. Proteins Elements Present: C, H, O & N & a bit of S Functions & Examples:  Control rate of reactions  (enzymes)  Help fight disease (anti-  bodies)  Form bones & muscles  (actin & myosin)  Regulate cell metabolism (insulin)  Transport O2 in blood (hemoglobin)

27. Proteins Building Blocks: Amino Acids are the monomers that go together 
to make a protein polymer AA's are bonded by peptide bonds Amino acids have these parts:  -amino group  -carboxyl group -a H atom  -an R group There are 20 naturally occurring AA’s - each has 
a different R group (aka variant group)

28. Move term to proper location PULL HERE Draw and label a protein control the rate of chemical reactions amino acids muscle, hair cartilage, nails, meat we eat r group carboxyl group amino group carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen body to function properly enzymes

29. Nucleic Acids Elements Present: C, H, O, N & P Functions: -Control cell activities (give 
cell instructions on how to 
make proteins) -Carry genetic info. Examples:  DNA & RNA

30. Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Nucleotides are the 
monomers that go to build 
the polymers of Nucleic 
acids Nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a sugar & a phosphate

31. Move term to proper location PULL HERE Draw and label a nucleic acid carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus make proteins N-base sugar RNA store genetic information DNA nucleotides phosphate

32. Drag the word into the proper area

33. Drag the words in order to group them as a lipid or a nucleic acid