1 / 50

The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinid Monocots

The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinid Monocots. Spring 2013. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups. Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales. Basal “Petaloid” Commelinid. Fig. 7.17. Commelinid characters.

gilon
Download Presentation

The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinid Monocots

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Monocots: Part 2Commelinid Monocots Spring 2013

  2. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinid

  3. Fig. 7.17

  4. Commelinid characters • Special type of epicuticular wax • Starchy pollen • UV-fluorescent compounds in the cell walls • Starchy endosperm (except in the palms) • Lots of molecular support

  5. Fig. 7.45

  6. Commelinid Monocot Groups Order Arecales – Palms Arecaceae (Palmae) Order Commelinales – Spiderworts, bloodworts, pickerel weeds Order Zingiberales – Ginger, banana, and allies Order Poales – Bromeliads, Cat-tails, Rushes, Sedges, and Grasses Typhaceae* Juncaceae* Cyperaceae* Poaceae (Gramineae)* *required families

  7. Commelinoid Monocots:Arecales: Arecaeae (Palmae) • Widespread throughout tropical and warm temperate regions • “Trees” or “shrubs”, typically unbranched • Diversity: ca. 2,000 species in 190 genera • Flowers: usually sessile, in compound-spicate inflorescences, these subtended by a bract (spathe); ovule 1 per locule • Significant features: Leaves alternate or spiral, blades plicate, splitting in a pinnate or palmate manner • Special uses: coconut (Cocos nucifera), date (Phoenix dactylifera), rattan (Calamus), oils and waxes, ornamentals • Family not required

  8. Arecaceae – Cocos nucifera

  9. Arecaceae Economic plants and products: Cocos nucifera Coconut, oil

  10. Arecaceae Economic plants and products: Phoenix dactylifera Dates

  11. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinid

  12. Commelinid Monocots: Zingiberales • Large herbs with vessels more or less limited to the roots • Silica cells present in the bundle sheaths • Leaves clearly differentiated into a petiole and blade • Leaf blade with penni-parallel venation, often tearing between the second-order veins • Leaf blade rolled into a tube in bud • Petiole with enlarged air canals • Flowers bilateral (or irregular) • Pollen lacking an exine • Ovary inferior • Seeds arillate and with perisperm (diploid nutritive tissue derived from the nucellus) • 8 families and nearly 2000 species, mainly tropical • Not required

  13. Fig. 7.55

  14. Zingiberalesdiversity

  15. Fig. 7.56

  16. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinid

  17. Characters of Poales • Silica bodies (in silica cells) in the epidermis • Styles strongly branched • Loss of raphide (needle-like) crystals in most • Much molecular support for monophyly • Wind pollination has evolved several times independently within the order • Ecologically extremely important

  18. Fig. 7.63

  19. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Typhaceae(The Cattail Family) • Widely distributed, especially in Northern Hemisphere • Emergent aquatic rhizomatous herbs • Diversity: 8-13 species in 1 genus • Flowers: small, unisexual; separated spatially on dense, compact spicate inflorescences; placentation apical • Significant features: rhizomatous; long slender leaves; characteristic inflorescence • Special uses: ornamental aquatics • Required taxa: Typha

  20. Sparganium Typha This genus is placed in its own family, the Sparganiaceae, in your text, but it is closely related to Typhaceae and is included in Typhaceae in many treatments.

  21. Commelinid Monocots—Poales:Juncaceae(The Rush Family) • Worldwide, mostly temperate regions; wet or damp habitats • Rhizomatous herbs, stems round and solid • Diversity: 350 species in 6 genera • Flowers: tepals 6, distinct; carpels 3 in superior ovary; stamens 6; fruit a loculicidal capsule • Significant features: leaves 3-ranked, sheaths usually open • Special uses: leaves used to weave rush baskets; some ornamentals • Required taxa: Juncus

  22. Juncaceae Juncus Distichia

  23. Juncaceae: Juncus -important in many wetland habitats

  24. Commelinid Monocots—Poales:Cyperaceae(The Sedge Family) • Worldwide, usually in damp or semi-aquatic sites • Rhizomatous herbs, stems usually triangular in cross section and solid • Diversity: 5,000 species in 104 genera • Flowers: with 1 subtending bract; tepals absent or reduced to 3-6 scales or hairs; stamens 1-3; carpels 2-3 in superior ovary; fruit an achene (nutlet) • Significant features: Inflorescence a complex group of spikelets; leaf sheaths closed, ligule lacking; silica bodies conical • Special uses: Papyrus used originally for paper; “water chestnuts” and a few other rhizomes edible, leaves used for weaving; some ornamentals. • Required taxa: Carex

  25. Cyperaceae versus Juncaceae:Field Character “Sedges have edges… …and rushes roll.”

  26. Fig. 7.66D Fig. 7.65

  27. Flowers: • Arranged in spikelets • Reduced • Wind-pollinated • Subtended by one bract • Reduced/absent perianth Cyperaceae flower + subtending bract = floret flower Sedge spikelet From Zomlefer 1994

  28. Cyperaceae Fruit type is the achene: very important in the taxonomy of the family. Eleocharis Rhynchospora (note bristle perianth) Cyperus

  29. Cyperaceae http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfl3.htm

  30. Cyperaceae: Carex -presence of the perigynium (a sac-like bract surrounding the female flower) in addition to the subtending bract -leaves usually with a ligule -ecologically important, especially in wetlands

  31. Cyperaceae: Carex

  32. Commelinid Monocots—Poales:Poaceae (Gramineae)(The Grass Family) • Cosmopolitan • Primarily herbs, often rhizomatous; “trees” in most bamboos; stems are called culms, hollow or solid • Diversity: >11,000 species in ca. 650 genera • Flowers: small petals reduced to lodicules; each flower enclosed by two bracts (lemma and palea) = floret; stamens typically 3; carpels 3, but appearing as 2; fruit a caryopsis • Significant features: 1-many florets aggregated into spikelets, each with usually 2 empty bracts (glumes) at the base; leaf with a ligule • Special uses: many – grains, turf, fodder/forage, structural uses (e.g., bamboo). • Required family

  33. bamboo Economic importance sugar cane Zea mays weeds Oryza sativa Triticum aestivum

  34. Ecological importance

  35. Poaceae: vegetative structure ligule

  36. Poaceae: spikelet and flower structure flower Images from Grasses of Iowa

  37. Anatomy of the Caryopsis (Grain) • The fruit wall (pericarp) is completely fused to the seed coat. • Endosperm (3N; triploid) contains the bulk of starch storage in the seed. • The embryo is a pre-formed grass plant, with apical meristems (for both shoot and root) and protective organs (coleoptile and coleorhiza) which emerge first during germination.

  38. Poaceae: caryopsis (grain) Zea mays corn or maize Setaria foxtail

  39. early grasses Origin of grasses ca. 70-80 mya in southern- hemisphere forests

  40. Anomochlooideae Pharoideae Puelioideae Bamboos (Bambusoideae) Origin of grasses ca. 70-80 mya in forests Bluegrasses (Pooideae) Rices (Ehrhartoideae) Panicgrasses (Panicoideae) Major radiation in Oligocene- Miocene epochs into open habitats Needlegrasses (Aristidoideae) Lovegrasses (Chloridoideae) + Micrairoideae Stamens reduced to 3 Reeds (Arundinoideae) Oatgrasses (Danthonioideae)

  41. C4 photosynthetic pathway (in warm season grasses) is advantageous under higher temperatures, higher light, and less water

  42. Dispersal!

  43. Poaceae: Bamboos

  44. Oryza (rice)

  45. Triticum (wheat)

  46. Zea (maize or corn)

  47. For more informationand images:http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/The Grasses of Iowa

  48. Grasses, Sedge, Rushes! • Terete, solid, • not obviously • jointed • 3 • Open • Cymose • 6 chaffy tepals • Capsule • Triangular, solid, not obviously jointed • 3 • Closed • Spikelets • None or bristles/scales • Achene • Stem terete, hollow, • or solid, jointed • Leaf ranks 2 • Leaf sheath Open, • ligule • Inflor: Spikelets • Perianth: Lodicules • Fruit: Caryopsis

  49. “Graminoids” - Comparison

  50. Next time: The “Basal” Eudicots…

More Related