Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny

2. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

3. Manifest Destiny • T---Texas • O—Oregon • M---Mexican War

4. Most Americans were satisfied temporarily with the acquisition of La. Purchase and Florida • By the 1840’s Americans were expansion minded • Many believed the nation was “destined” to spread to the Pacific Coast---or over the entire continent

5. Why? • Land hungry Americans who eyed tracts of rich but sparsely settled lands • Patriots feared British designs upon such land • Eastern merchants that traded with Asia needed ports on the Pacific Coast • Nationalism—spread freedom and American greatness • Northerners saw it as way to end slavery

6. Moving West • Increase in transportation was viewed by speculators as a source of wealth • Others saw the West as a way to get rich (fur trappers, mountain-men, gold seekers) • Most images of the West come from “pop culture” • Kit Carson—Jeremiah Johnson

7. John Jacob Astor • German immigrant • Set up trading posts that extended from St. Louis to the Pacific • Richest man in America by 1848

8. The Attraction to the West • Economic prosperity • Cheap land • New Englanders moved due to a lack of farmland

9. Who and Were • Texas—1820 to 1830 • Led by Stephen F. Austin • The Spanish gave land grants for all willing to convert an NO SLAVERY • SFA charged 12 ½ cents per acre filing fee

10. Oregon • Established by Protestant Missionaries • Encouraged by the Methodist Church • The trek began in St. Louis • Claimed be both Great Britain and the US

11. British Claims • Voyages of Sir Francis Drake • Voyages of Cook and Vancouver • Activities of the Hudson Bay Company

12. US Claims • Discovery of the Columbia River in 1792 • Discoveries of Lewis and Clark • Activities of John Jacob Astor • American population=5,000 by 1845 • Oregon was a campaign issue of Polk—later the issue was resolved

13. Utah • Settled by the Mormons (Great Basin—Salt Lake) • Originally led by Joseph Smith (went from NY to Ill) • Brigham Young—led followers to the Great Salt Lake • Mormons needed land for large families-Polygamy • The land was owned by God

14. California-SW • Originally settled by the Spanish as a series of missions

15. People that moved west were not trying to create a new lifestyle---they really wanted to recreate the lives they left behind • Migrants were limited by geography

16. Geography • Life was hard—everyone had to “pitch in” • Some land was Indian land that was left behind • Indian tensions—Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were missionaries that were murdered

17. Obstacles • Europeans owned large parts of NA • Disputed boundaries-Maine and Canada • Oregon questions with GB

18. Aroostook “War,” 1839 • The only war ever declared by a state. Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials. • Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.” • General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

19. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

20. Texas Independence (1836-1845)

21. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston(1793-1863) Steven Austin(1793-1836)

22. Texas • Mexico was granted independence in 1821 • Most settlers ignored Mexican law (slavery) • 1833-SFA went to Mexico City to ask the gov. to ease up on settlers • Gen. Santa Anna seized control of the gov. and declared himself “Napoleon of the West”

23. Texas • Santa Anna wanted to enforce Mexican law—Texans revolted and appointed Sam Houston c-i-c • Santa Anna captured the town of Goliad and moved onto San Antonio “The Alamo” (Davy Crockett) • The final battle occurred at San Jacinto-Santa Anna was forced to surrender and recognize Texan independence

24. Texas • Sam Houston was appointed President of the Lone Star Republic and asked the US to annex Texas • Jackson and Van Buren put it off • Tyler wanted to annex Texas---J.Q. Adams led a filibuster to block annexation (slave territories) • Texas was a presidential campaign

25. Texas • Henry Clay straddled the issue • James K. Polk demanded annexation • Tyler suggested a joint resolution • Treaties require a 2/3 vote • J.R. require a majority • Texas was annexed by a joint resolution in 1845

26. Election of 1840 • Martin Van Buren • William Henry Harrison (John Tyler) “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” “Van, Van is a used up man” • Harrison dies within a month

27. Election of 1844 • Polk -----“54º 40’, or Fight!” • C---California • O---Oregon • I---Independent Treasury • L---Lowering the Tariff • Polk was a “Dark Horse Candidate”

28. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! • By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. • The joint British- U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

29. 1844 Election Results

30. The Mexican War (1846-1848)

31. The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 • Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. • US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt. • US would purchase the New Mexicoarea and California. John Slidell

32. The War • Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande—battle ensued • Polk wanted a declaration of war---American blood had been shed on American soil • Northern Whigs opposed the war (A. Lincoln) • See chart for key events

33. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico! • Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. • Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. • U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

34. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

35. Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease). New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.Most Northerners saw the war as a way to extend slavery * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

36. The Mexican War (1846-1848)

37. Manifest Destiny in the South • Polk tried to purchase Cuba for $100 million-Spain refused • Franklin Pierce (1852) sent three delegates to Ostend, Belgium to buy Cuba –the plan was leaked to the press and Pierce was forced to drop it • William Walker-1853 failed attempt to take Baja California-1855 took over Nicaraugua-executed in 1860 by Honduran authorities

38. Expansionist Young America in the 1850s America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America

39. Manifest Destiny in the South • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) • Concerned the building of a canal through Central America • Great Britain and the US wanted to control the canal-but agreed neither country would take complete control • This treaty was replaced by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901

40. Gadsden Purchase • President Pierce was able to add a strip of land in the Southwest for the railroad (1853) • Purchased from Mexico for $10 million • Added land in New Mexico and Arizona

41. Territorial Growth to 1853

42. Economic Expansion • Industrial Expansion • Before 1840 the factory system had been concentrated in New England • After 1840 the factory system began to spread throughout the Northeast • The invention of the sewing machine helped close down cottage industries • Communication was changed with the creation of the telegraph (1844-Samuel F.B. Morse)

43. Railroads • Canal building (1820s-1830s) was replaced by rail lines • Expansion of the railroad was popular-local farmers and merchants bought stock in the railroads • All areas of the US could be linked

44. Foreign Commerce • The growth of manufacturing and agriculture helped lead to a growth in exports and imports • Other reasons for growth in trade: 1.Shipping companies began to use schedules 2.Demand for whale oil 3.Improvements and new designs for ships 4.Steamships began to emerge 5.The opening of Japan (Comm. Perry) in 1854

45. Panic of 1857 • The economic boom ended with a panic • Serious drop in prices especially for mid-western farmers • Unemployment in the north • The South was affected less-cotton prices remained high