The First People

1. The First People Chapter 1, Section 1

2. Anthropologists • Scientific field that studies pre history • Examination of fossils • Examinations of cultures • Culture • A societies knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and values

3. Archeologists • Study human material remains to learn about the past • Artifacts • Objects that people made or used in the past such as coins, pottery, and tools • Rarely every is the Ark of the Covenant discovered!!!

4. Mary Leakey • 1959 discovers skull fragments dating back 1.75 million years ago • Named “nutcracker man” • Australopithecine • Earliesthominid (early humanlike beings that walked upright) discovery

5. Lucy • Donald Johanson • 1974 discovers a partial Australopithecine skeleton • “Lucy” dates as far back as 3 million years ago

6. Homo Habilis • 1959 Louis Leakey discovers fossils dating back 2.4 million years • Named Homo Habilis (Handy Man) • Smaller teeth and hands • Believed to use crude tools stone tools

7. Homo Erectus (stop laughing Dallas) • Homo Erectus (“upright man”) • Appeared about 2 to 1.5 million years • Much larger brain • More elaborate tools • Axes • Ability to control fire

8. Homo Sapiens • Homo Sapiens (“wise man”) • Appeared about 200,000 years ago • More like modern man • Developed sophisticated tools, shelters, development of language, drawings

9. Quiz Time!!! • What Four Types of Hominids have scientists discovered based on fossil evidence?

10. Answer!!!

11. The Ice Age • Occurred about 1.6 million years ago • Long periods of freezing weather • Helped to expose the Bearing land Bridge between North America and Asia

12. Africa…I’m Out!!! • Scientists differ on when hominids began migrating Africa • THE BATTLE • In this corner Homo Erectus bailed and Homo Sapiens developed • In the other corner Homo Sapiens began to migrate about 100,000 years ago • The Winner…DNA!!! • Simply does not support theory number one

13. Possible Migration Routes

14. The Stone Age • Prehistoric period • Paleolithic Era • Also known as the Old Stone Age • Lasted from about 2.5 million years to 10,000 years ago

15. Life in the Stone Age • People lived as nomads • Moving place to place following animals • Took shelter in rock overhangs or caves • Hunter-Gatherers • Hunting and gathering food? • Men Hunted • Women gathered berries and cared for the kids • Invention and use of…yeah you guessed it…STONE TOOLS • Spears, axes, etc.

16. Stone Age Religion • Believed to practice Animism • Belief that all things in nature have spirits • Much like Native-American beliefs

18. Let’s Check It Out • http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml

19. The Beginning of Agriculture Chapter 1, Section 2

20. New Stone Age • More sophisticated tools gives way transforms Paleolithic Era to Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) • Polish and grinding stones into tools • But a more important change occurred

21. Farming • Thousands of years humans relied on hunting and gathering • 10,000 years ago a shift occurs • Neolithic Revolution • From Hunting and Gathering to Farming • Wheat’s and Grains

22. Domestication • Domestication • The growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them useful to humans • Providing more surplus of food • Especially storage for winter months

23. Foods and Animals • Wheat + Water + Fire=? • Goats • Provide meat, tools, clothing, and milk • Foods and animals differed depending on global location • Example: Mexico & Central America • More beans, llamas, and corn

24. Farming Societies • Pastoralists • Large areas of domestication • Settlements • 6000 BCE villages and towns begin to develop • Why? • More prosperus • More surplus • Better defense

25. New Technologies • New tools helped to make farming easier and produce more food • Plow • Grindstone • Use of metals • 3000 BCE the use of Bronze is seen • Thus starting the BRONZE AGE

26. CatalHuyuk • Largest Neolithic village • Located in present day Turkey • 5,000-6,000 people • Grew wheat and barley • Raised goats, sheep, and cattle

27. Otzi the Iceman

28. Foundations of Civilization Chapter 1, Section 3

29. From Villages to Cities • Advancement in farming • Irrigation • Ability to farm more land and in drier places • Division of Labor • Each worker specializes in a particular job or task • Economies • From Traditional Economies (economic decisions based on traditions, rituals, customs) to more trade fueled economies

30. First Civilizations • Developed cities • Become political, economic, and cultural centers • Early cities include Ur, Uruk, Memphis (all along major rivers) • Organized Government • Created laws and systems of justice • Officials oversaw food and building production, collected taxes, organized defense • Formal Religions begin to form • Social classes begin to form • Record Keeping and Writing

31. Some Downsides • Environmental • Reliance on rivers also creates dangers especially with flooding and storms • Dry season could be damaging • Spread of people and ideas • Good: Trade and culture • Bad: Warfare • Expansion • Need for more resources leads to ever increasing expansion and warfare

32. Compare and Contrast Villages Cities Food surpluses Few crafts Priests Traditional economy Most people are farmers Few families or clans Provided food for cities Food surpluses Changing economies Improved farming More trade Religious, economic, and cultural centers Powerful leaders Large buildings Defensive walls Large, diverse populations