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Psychosocial Development During the 1’st Three Years

Psychosocial Development During the 1’st Three Years. Chapter 8 A Child’s World Papalia , Old, Feldman. Foundations of Psychosocial Development. Emotions  reaksi subjektif terhadap pengalaman ( perubahan psikologis dan perilaku ) Fungsi proteksi : Komunikasi

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Psychosocial Development During the 1’st Three Years

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  1. Psychosocial Development During the 1’st Three Years Chapter 8 A Child’s World Papalia, Old, Feldman

  2. Foundations of Psychosocial Development • Emotions  reaksisubjektifterhadappengalaman(perubahanpsikologisdanperilaku) • Fungsiproteksi: • Komunikasi • Tindakanemergecies (takut, terkejut) • Eksplorasilingkungan  belajarhidup (interest dan excitement) • Perkembanganemosimerupakanproses yang teratur • Emosiberkaitandenganaspekperkembangan yang lain, misalnyafisik • Dipengaruhiolehkultur

  3. Emosi • Tanda-tandaawal • Menangis menyatakankebutuhannya (lapr, marah, kecewa) • Tersenyumdantertawa awalnyaspontanpadawaktu REM (mimpi kali ye…) semakinberkurangdalam 3 bulanseiringkematangan cortex • 1 bulanlebihsosial, 2 bulankrn stimuli visual, 4 blntertawa, 6 blnterkikih-kikih • Perkembanganmacam-macamemosi • Emosidikenalimelaluekspresiemosi, aktivitasmotorik, bahasatubuhdanperubahanfisiologis • Basic emtions, self-conscious emotions (malu, empati, iri) setelahada self awareness (15-24bl), self evaluative emotions (3 th) self aawareness+nilai2 sosial • Perkembanganemosidanotak

  4. Temperamen • AspekdanPolaTemperamen • Easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up children • MengukurTemperamen parental self-report instrument, rating-scale • PengaruhTemperamenterhadapPenyesuaian: goodness of fit  kesesuaiantemperamendengantuntutanlingkungan • StabilitasTemperamen berkembangn • DasarBiologis reaksifisiologis  denyutjantung, tekanandarah, pupil mata, aktivitasmotorik • PerbedaanLintasBudaya polaasuhorangtua

  5. PengalamanSosialAwal: Keluarga • PeranIbu • Peran Ayah • Perbedaan Gender • Bayilaki-lakilebihberatdanpanjang, lebihkuat, lebihaktif • Ayah danibuberperandalampembentukankepribadian, gender typing • PeranKakek-Nenek ikatanemosionalkuatdengancucu

  6. Developmental Issues in Infancy • Developing Trust  trust vs mistrust (Erikson) • Developing Attachment: • Pola-polakelekatan: secure attachment, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized attachment • Peranantemperamen • Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety • Long-term Effect of Attachment • Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Patterns

  7. Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation • Interaksi infant-caregiver mempengaruhi secure attachment  mutual regulation • Pengasuh “membaca” sinyalsecaraakuratdanmeresponnyasecaratepat (healthy interaction) • Bagaimanamengukurnya? • Komunikasiemosionalsebagaiprosesperkembangan penyelarasaninteraksi  : • Meningkatkankemampuanmengkoordinasi sensory input • Membantupencapaian self regulation • Memberikan rasa nyaman • Security attachment

  8. How Mother’s Depression Affects Mutual Regulation • Postpartum depression • Depressed mothers  kurangsensitif, kurangmampumenginterpretasidanmerespontangisanbayi • Bayimencari rasa nyamandenganmengisap, menggoyang-goyang  defensive reaction  habit learns that world is untrustworthy • Interaksidenganorangdewasalainnya (ayah, pengasuhdan guru PG/TK) dapatmenggantikanpengaruh depressed mothering

  9. Social Referencing • Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it • Munculsetelahusia 6 bulanketikabayimulaibisamenillaihal-hal yang akanterjadi, imitasi, membedakanreaksiekspresiemosi

  10. Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood • The Emerging Sense of Self • Self concept • Self efficacy • Developing Autonomy • autonomy versus shame and doubt • Socialization and Internalization: Developing Conscience • Sosialisaidaninternalisasi • Mengembangkan self regulation • Origins of Conscience committed compliance dan situational compliance • Fakto yang mempengaruhisosialisasi

  11. Contact with Other Children • Siblings  kehadiranadik penyesuaianterhadapkehadiranadiktergantungdariusiaanakdankualitashubungandenganibudanlingkungankeluarga • Hubungandenga sibling mempengaruhihubungandenganlingkunganluarrumah • 1,5 – 3 tahunmulaiberminatterhadapanak-anak lain

  12. Children of Working Parents • Mempengaruhiperkembangankognitifjikabekerjalebihdari 30 jam/minggu (bayiusia 9 bulan) • Penggantiibu tergantungdarikualitas • Low-income-children and stressfull homes

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