Vocabulary

1. American History I Unit 4 – Era of Good Feelings, Nationalism, Transcendentalism, Jacksonian Democracy Presidents: J Q Adams - Taylor R. M. Tolles Vocabulary

2. Tariff of Abominations – AH1U4 • Tariff of 1828, called the Tariff of Abomination by Southerners who felt the tariff hurt the South, while benefiting the North and West • Led to the Nullification Crisis and the war of words between South Carolina and President Jackson

3. Nicholas Biddle – AH1U4 • President of the Second Bank of the United States, tries to get bank re-instated with a new charter to expand length, but Jackson denies. Biddle tries to turn nation against Jackson by financial/economic debt.

4. Peggy Eaton Affair – AH1U4 • Most of Jackson’s cabinet resigned because their wives hated Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson’s Secretary of War John henry Eaton. • Jackson took the young couple under his wing. Years before, Eaton was accused of adultery, and Jackson felt this was unwarranted. The treatment reminded him of similar accusations against his late wife – Rachael. • John C. Calhoun resigned as VP partly over this “Petticoat Affair”. Martin Van Buren would succeed him after the Election of 1832.

5. Erie Canal - AH1U4 • Erie Canal was America's first major canal project. • The canal was seen as a major part of the transportation needs of the American System

6. Aroostook War – AH1U4 • Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster- Ashburton Treaty was signed. • Only war declared by a State vs another country - Canada

7. Henry David Thoreau - AH1U4 • Prominent transcendentalist writer • Believed in the concept of romanticism, interpreted was ones own conscience, removing material wealth, and living to moral codes • Transcendentalists – nature, religion, romanticism • Famous writings: Civil Disobedience Walden

8. Missouri Compromise - AH1U4 • Meant to resolve the issue of sectional conflicts involving the status of Missouri as a slave or free state once admitted to the Union. • The Missouri Compromise of 1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state, admitted Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in all land north of 36*30' in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory

9. Nathaniel Hawthorne - AH1U4 • Seen as a product of Transcendentalism • Most Famous work: The Scarlet Letter

10. Force Bill - AH1U4 • Part of the Compromise of 1833, the Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina • Considered part of the Nullification Crisis and Tariff of Abominations

11. Gibbons vs. Ogden – AH1U4 • A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation

12. “Five Civilized Tribes” – AH1U4 • This term derives from the colonial and early federal period. It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muskogee), and Seminole

13. Kansas-Nebraska Act - AH1U4 • Passed in 1854, divided Nebraska and Kansas into territories which allowed for the people of those territories to decide if slavery would be allowed in. • Concept of Popular Sovereignty • The act nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Led to Bleeding Kansas, a step toward Civil War

14. Dorothea Dix - AH1U4 • Reformer for the Mentally ill and insane • Her efforts helped bring about the creation of insane asylums, where the mentally ill could be more humanely treated

15. James Monroe - AH1U4 • James Monroe served as the 5th President of the United States • His presidency served as the core of the Era of Good Feelings and was seen as one of the few periods in history that enjoyed a one party style of politics with strong Nationalism • The Monroe Doctrine

16. Transcendentalism – AH1U4 • Spiritual movement that arose in the 1830s that included new religious meetings (Camp Meetings), new writers, and an American idea of pride • Direct challenge to the movement of rationalism • Interpreted as back to Nature, Religion, and Romantism • Authors: Thoreau, Emerson, Cooper, Hawthorne, Poe, Webster, and others...

17. Henry Clay - AH1U4 • He engineered the American System, a program aimed at economic self-sufficiency. • Part of the Political issue known as the Corrupt Bargain – John Quincy Adams election to President • As speaker of the House during Monroe's term in office, he was instrumental in crafting much of the legislation that passed through Congress. • He led the Whig Party until his death in 1852

18. Second Bank of the United States - AH1U4 • Severed as a direct descendent's of the 1st Bank of the United States • It became unpopular after the panic of 1819 and suspicion of corruption haunted it until its charter expired in 1836 • President Jackson vetoed its recharter – he viewed it as helping the rich and the North only

19. Zachary Taylor – AH1U4 • 12th President of the United States • Advocated popular sovereignty and was instrumental in bringing in the state of California into the Union • Indian Fighter and hero of the Mexican War

20. Ralph Waldo Emerson – AH1U4 • Leader in the Transcendentalist movement among authors • Famous for essays: Nature and Self Reliance

21. Adams-Onis Treaty - AH1U4 • Florida Purchase Treaty • A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain

22. Monroe Doctrine – AH1U4 • President Monroe issued what would be called the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. • The doctrine asserted United States ascendancy in the Western Hemisphere • Basically stated for Europeans to stay out of the Hemisphere with any intentions of adding to their colonial possessions

23. Manifest Destiny – AH1U4 • The belief of many American in the mid-nineteenth century that it was the nation's destiny and duty to expand and conquer the West in the name of God, nature, civilization, and progress. • Phrase coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan

24. Corrupt Bargain – AH1U4 • Andrew Jackson won the popular vote of the Election of 1824, but failed to get the majority of electoral votes • Decision went to the House of Representatives controlled by Speaker of the House: Henry Clay • It what Jackson supporters called the Corrupt Bargain – Clay threw the support of the House behind John Quincy Adams making him President • Never proven, Jackson supporters made the next four years miserable for Adams and Clay

25. Nullification Crisis – AH1U4 • The Tariff of 1828 hurt the Southern economy while benefiting Northern and Western industries. For this reason, Southerners called it the “Tariff of Abominations”. Vice President John C. Calhoun denounced the tariff as unconstitutional and urged that states nullify the tariff within their own borders. SC did so punctuating a debate and a threat of leaving the Union. President Jackson then had the Force Bill passed to show that he meant business.

26. Spoils System – AH1U4 • Provided for the removal and replacement of all high-ranking officials within the executive office who were members of a new presidents opposition. These offices would then be filled by loyal members of the winning party. • “Giving Friends jobs over qualifications” • “To the Victor goes the Spoils”

27. Horace Mann – AH1U4 • Prominent Reformer of the time • Public School reform

28. Indian Removal Act – AH1U4 • Granted Pres. Jackson the funds and the authority to move Native Americans to assigned lands in the West. • The Cherokee were the primary targets led away on the Trail of Tears • Cherokee later took the Act to court and won in the Supreme Court case: Worcester v. Georgia • Pres. Jackson did not care about the decision, he still had the Cherokee removed

29. Worcester v. Georgia – AH1U4 • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee who sued over being forceably removed by the Indian Removal Act • Marshall stated that the Cherokee deserved protection from harassment. • President Jackson refused to go by the decision and had the Cherokee removed anyway – Trail of Tears

30. McCulloch v. Maryland – AH1U4 • Chief Justice Marshall ruled that states could not tax federal institutions such as the Second Bank of the United States • The ruling asserted that the federal government wielded supreme power in tis sphere and that no states could interfere with the exercise of federal powers

31. Wilmot Proviso – AH1U4 • Proposed in 1846 before the end of the Mexican War stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory the U.S. Fained form Mexico in the upcoming negotiations. • Passed in the House (Northern dominated) failed in the Senate (Southern dominated)‏

32. Panic of 1837 – AH1U4 • Destroyed the economic boom of the 1830s due to banks over lending and over speculating • Led to wide spread debt and unemployment • President Van Buren spent most of his time as President trying to fix the situation to no avail • Much of the problem was contributed to the war over the banks during Jackson's administration

33. Daniel Webster – AH1U4 • Federalist lawyer who won the McCulloch v. Maryland case • Also known as a reformer known for creating the first wholly American English Dictionary

34. American System – AH1U4 • Henry Clay's brainchild, provided a series of measures, including tariffs and federal support for internal improvements, geared toward achieving national economic self-sufficiency. • The National Republican Party wholly backed it, the Democrats opposed it.

35. Popular Sovereignty – AH1U4 • Lewis Cass and Stephen Douglas, the principle stating that Congress should not interfere with the issued of slavery's expansion, but rather leave the question up to each territory. • Basically - “The People have the right to Choose”

36. California Gold Rush – AH1U4 • 1848 – California's Gold Rush, few individuals actually found gold, only the big mining operations and the saloon owners benefited • Opened the territory to statehood and the desire to get the gold back east – primarily in the North

37. James K. Polk – AH1U4 • 11th President of the United States • Polk led the US into the Mexican War in 1846 • Acquired Texas, New Mexico, and California • Strong Supporter of Manifest Destiny

38. Andrew Jackson – AH1U4 • “Balls of Steel” - there is a lot about Jackson • 7th President of the United States • Presented himself as the common mans president – fought and opposed large federal programs he considered helpful to the rich – Second Bank of the United States • Removed Native Americans despite being told he couldn't by the Supreme Court • Nullification Crisis - Union must stay together • “King Andrew I” - because of his extensive use of the veto power

39. Kitchen Cabinet – AH1U4 • Named for the group of friends that advised Pres. Jackson • Fired numerous cabinet officials, most significantly the petticoat scandal where he fired all of his first cabinet for refusing to force their wives to associate with Peggy Eaton, who reminded him of his dead wife.

40. Independent Treasury Bill – AH1U4 • The Bill in 1840 established an independent treasury to hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus guarding against inflation. • This bill was indirect response to the Panic of 1837

41. Martin Van Buren – AH1U4 • 8th President of the United States • Jackson's hand picked successor in the Election of 1836. • Known for the Panic of 1837, unable to escape the reputation “Martin Van Ruin”, he lost the bid for reelection in 1840

42. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton – AH1U4 • Social reformers who primary movement was Women's Rights • Organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

43. John Quincy Adams – AH1U4 • 6th President of the United States • Son of the John Adams (2nd President) only George Bush and George W Bush share the same distinction • Corrupt Bargain – Adams spent most of his term proving that he deserved to be there. His term was less than productive

44. James Fennimore Cooper – AH1U4 • Transcendentalist author • Famous for The Pioneers (1823) and The Last of the Mahicans (1826)‏

45. Seneca Falls Convention – AH1U4 • Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it declared an intent to gain women's rights, that all men and women are created equal. • Considered the beginning of the American feminist movement

46. Second Great Awakening – AH1U4 • A wave of religious revivals spread throughout the nation, giving rise to a number of new (largely Protestant) denominations during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. • Provided a backdrop for the transcendentalists

47. Trail of Tears – AH1U4 • Despite the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia, federal troops forced band of Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi between 1835 and 1838. • The journey, in which between 2,000 and 4,000 of the 16,000 Cherokee people died, became known as the Trail of Tears

48. John C. Calhoun – AH1U4 • Prominent politician during the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson • Served as Sec. Of War for Monroe, Vice Pres. For J. Q. Adams, and Vice Pres. For Jackson • A firm believer in States rights, Calhoun clashed with Jackson over many issues, most notably nullification

49. Edgar Allen Poe – AH1U4 • Transcendentalist author • Known for: The Raven, Tell Tale Heart, and The Cast of Amontillado

50. Jacksonian Democracy – AH1U4 • Common Man – the idea that the elite were no longer running the country • Jackson's ascendancy to the presidency symbolized the egalitarian political conditions in the US as compared to other nations.