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From the Enlightenment to Romanticism

François-René de Chateaubriand: founder of French Romanticism and Catholic revival. John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, preaching at an outdoor revival. Religious Revival and Philosophy of the late 18 th and early 19 th Centuries. From the Enlightenment to Romanticism.

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From the Enlightenment to Romanticism

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  1. François-René de Chateaubriand: founder of French Romanticism and Catholic revival John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, preaching at an outdoor revival. Religious Revival and Philosophy of the late 18th and early 19th Centuries From the Enlightenment to Romanticism

  2. England – grammar & public schools • Germany – Gymnasium; Realschule (1747, Berlin) = practical business oriented education for young men of middle class • France & Spain – collège • Napoleon introduceslycee: secondary school for students between elementary school and college, supported by the French government, for preparing students for the university Education: Change over Time Classical Universities = Old-fashioned Modern Universities include Physics, Astronomy, Mathematics, Modern Lang. Elitist institutions that helped maintain the social barriers between the upper and lower classes. Education not yet regarded as universal right everywhere BUT… Education of the Masses: Chapbooks (literary pamphlet: a small booklet of poems, ballads, or stories, originally sold by traveling peddlers) Sunday School Austrian Empire = Volkschulen Swiss cantons, Scotland, Saxony, & Prussia = universal primary education

  3. Emile – education of boys • Recognizes distinct stages of childhood • Greatest teachers = exploration and experience • Reason AS WELL AS passion should be cultivated • Heloise – education of girls = adheres to traditional forms in place since Reformation Rousseau and Education

  4. Toleration: Louis XIV, NO; Joseph II & Friedrich the Great, YES French Revolution = de-christianization JEWS: Assimilation, restrictions, pogroms Nationalization of Catholic Churches Napoleon = Concordat of 1801 Fall of Jesuits, 1773 Institutionalized Religion Ashkenazic Jews Sephardic Jews

  5. Catholic Piety – pilgrimages, prayers to saints, devotion of relics • Chateaubriand’s “The Genius of Christianity” = religion must be infused with passion • Pietism – Protestant mysticism (Germany – Graf von Zinzendorf & the Moravian Brethren) – personal devotion to and experience of God, “He who wishes to comprehend God with his mind becomes an atheist.” • Methodism(starts as branch of Anglicanism in 1740s) – John and Charles Wesley: “Open doors, open hearts, open minds”, charismatic preaching outdoors, exciting conversions, movement away from rationalization of Christianity • German Schleiermacher “Speeches on Religion to Its Cultural Despisers” = respect of all world religions, religious diversity BUT Christianity was still the “religion of religions” Popular Religion

  6. Anti-Islamic Perspective • Christian revival = revival in tension btw. Christianity and Islam • Fueled also by • romantic view of medieval crusades • Nationalism and Greek Revolution (1821) vs. OE: OE = despotic backward empire in a state of decay/decline Islam – Two Prespectives

  7. “Pro”-Islamic Perspective • Arab peoples and history are a vital component of historical, political, social, and intellectual development of the West (think Hegel & Herder) • ME folk tales become popular • Muhammad viewed as prime example of hero as prophet (Thomas Carlyle) • Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt = increased interest • Rise in European visitors to ME • Egyptian architecture en vogue • Rosetta Stone discovered and much European scholarly writing done on ME Islam – Two Prespectives

  8. Kant – rationalism + personal freedom + God • Mind actively engages the world around it • Mind learns to categorize information based on the experiences one has had = strong relationship between the mind and the body (contrast with Cartesian Dualism) • Categorical Imperative • Kant believes that there is an innate sense of right and wrong / awareness universal to all human beings • Human freedom lies in the act of choosing one over the other • Universal moral code = existence of God Romantic Philosophy?

  9. Fichte • World is actually a human creation as strong –willed individuals mold the course of history and the construction of society • Herder • Respect for foreign cultures • Culture and society are organic and change over time to reflect changes in human behavior/beliefs • Strong proponent of German cultural identity • Brothers Grimm and the preservation of oral traditions via codification of fairy tales Romantic Philosophy?

  10. Hegel • Organic evolution of history through conflicting “moments” • Dominate individuals or ways of thinking = catalyst/engine for change • all periods of history / all cultures are important b/c each was a necessary contributor to the process known as the Hegelian Dialectic Romantic Philosophy?

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