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Nervous System Overview: Neurons, Synapses & Functions

Explore the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the nervous system, including neuron types, transmission of nerve impulses, central & peripheral nervous systems, and common diseases. Learn about the brain, cranial & spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.

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Nervous System Overview: Neurons, Synapses & Functions

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  1. Overview • Discussion of Library Assignment • Brief Anatomy and Physiology of Nervous System • Tissues of the Nervous System • Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Central Nervous System • Brain Area • Peripheral Nervous System • Cranial Nerves • Spinal Nerves • Autonomic Nervous System • Diseases • Procedures

  2. Chapter Fourteen Nervous System

  3. Functions of the Nervous System • Control center for all body activities • Responds and adapts to changes that occur both inside and outside the body (Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)

  4. Tissues of the Nervous System • Two principal tissue types of the nervous system: • neurons (nerve cells) • the structural and functional units of the nervous system • specialized conductors of impulses • neuroglia (supporting tissues)

  5. Figure 14.2Two main types of nerve cells.

  6. Central Nervous System Neurons : microscopic nerve cells that make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves - 30,000 neurons can fit on a pinhead

  7. Anatomy of a Neuron Each neuron contains: - Cell body with nucleus - Dendrites : fibers that receive messages from other neurons - Axons : fibers that send messages to other neurons

  8. Neurons do NOT touch; there is a gap between them called a synapse • Messages are sent across the synapses by special chemicals called neurotransmitters

  9. Neuron Video • https://youtu.be/o9p2ou1IyC0 • https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/synapse.html • Listen for these words • Synapse • Synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters

  10. Cells of the Nervous System • Neurons (neur/o) • Dendrites (dendr/o) • Cell body • ganglion (gangli/o) • Axon • Myelin sheath • Synapse Neurotransmitters - A chemical that is released from a nerve cell which thereby transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another.

  11. Tissues of the Nervous System • There are several types of neurons, three of which are: • Sensory neurons – afferent nerves convey towards the center, inflowing, conducting • Afferent - ad + ferre, to carry • Motor neurons – most are efferent carries away from synaptic ending to the muscle or organ to be innervated • Efferent - [L. efferens, fr. effero, to bring out]- to conduct out

  12. Differences

  13. Organization of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain (encephal/o) and spinal cord (myel/o) • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • 12 pairs Cranial nerves • 31 pairs spinal nerves • Somatic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic – fight or flight • Parasympathetic – rest and digest

  14. Central Nervous System: Brain • Cerebellum- maintenance of balance, posture, coordination of voluntary movement and motor learning and language • Diencephalon “Between Brain” • Thalamus – relay center for sensory impulses • Hypothalamus –regulator of ANS, controls some metabolic activities • Brainstem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  15. Central Nervous System: Brain Cerebrum

  16. Mind Mapping • https://youtu.be/DfgkAJmp9-A

  17. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves : visible bundles of axons and dendrites that extend from the brain and spinal cord to all other parts of the body

  18. On old Olympus' towering top a Fin and German viewed some hops see page 483 for list O: olfactory nerve (CN I) O: optic nerve (CN II) O: oculomotor nerve (CN III) T: trochlear nerve (CN IV) T: trigeminal nerve(CN V) A: abducens nerve (CN VI) F: facial nerve (CN VII) A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII) G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) V: vagus nerve (CN X) S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) H: hypoglossal (CN XII)

  19. Vasovagal Syncope • Vasovagal attack • The vasovagal response is a complex signaling of the brain that dilates the blood vessels in the legs, • slows the heart rate, and • very often causes fainting, • which is also called vasovagal syncope.

  20. The Spinal Cord • Spinal cord • 31 Pairs of spinal nerves • 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves • 12 Thoracic spinal nerves • 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves • 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves • 1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves • Two roots • Dorsal/Sensory Root (afferent) • Ventral root (efferent) Spinal cord

  21. an- hemi- mono- para- poly- quadri- -cele -esthesia -graphy -gram -ia -lepsy -lysis -paresis -plegia Prefixes and Suffixes

  22. cerebell/o cerebr/o crani/o electr/o encephal/o esthesi/o hemat/o mening/o myel/o narc/o neur/o somn/o Combining Forms

  23. Dysphasia Gait, abnormal Neuralgia Paresthesia Seizure Syncope Tremors Vertigo Signs and Symptoms • Amnesia • Aphasia • Ataxia • Bradykinesia • Cephalalgia

  24. Congenital Disorders • Cerebral palsy (CP) • Hydrocephalus

  25. Traumatic Conditions • Coma • Concussion • Hematoma • Epidural • Subdural

  26. Degenerative Disorders • Alzheimer disease (AD) • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) • Lou Gehrig disease • Multiple sclerosis • Parkinson disease Demyelination

  27. Nondegenerative Disorders • Epilepsy • Narcolepsy • Bell palsy Bell palsy

  28. Infectious Diseases • Encephalitis • Meningitis

  29. Vascular Disorders • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) CVA

  30. Paralytic Conditions • Paralysis -plegia (stroke related) vs. –paresis (weakness to no movement) • Hemiparesis • Hemiplegia • Paraparesis • Paraplegia • Quadriparesis • Quadriplegia Paralysis

  31. Pharmacology • Analgesics • Anesthetics • Anticonvulsants • Hypnotics

  32. Imaging • Cerebral angiography • Myelography Angiography

  33. Diagnostic Tests • Lumbar puncture (LP)

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