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Chemistry & Biochemistry

Chemistry & Biochemistry. Terminology. Matter – Anything that takes up space & has mass. Mass – Quantity of matter Weight – The pull of gravity on the mass of an object. Elements – Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

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Chemistry & Biochemistry

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  1. Chemistry & Biochemistry

  2. Terminology • Matter – Anything that takes up space & has mass. • Mass – Quantity of matter • Weight – The pull of gravity on the mass of an object. • Elements – Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter. • Atom – Smallest unit of matter.

  3. Terminology, continued…. • Subatomic particles. • Electron • Neutron • Proton • Compound: Two or more elements chemically combined. • Bonds • Covalent – shares electrons • Ionic – based on electrical attraction

  4. Qualities of a Compound • They are all made of 2 or more elements. • They are chemically bonded. • They have a definite ratio.

  5. More terms… • Atomic number: The number of protons • Mass number: Number of proton & neutrons.

  6. Periodic Table

  7. Mixtures • Combined substances that DO retain their original properties. • Three types: • Solution: Made of solute & solvent; do not come out of solution. • Suspension: Settle out over time • Colloid: Two states • Sol state - liquid • Gel state - gel

  8. Acids & Bases • Acidity: Measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions. • Alkalinity: Measurement of the amount of hydroxide ions.

  9. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds • Organic - generally derived from living things and contain carbon. • Inorganic – generally derived from non-living things. • FOUR MAJOR GROUPS • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  10. Water • Properties of Water • Cohesion – Attraction between like molecules. • Adhesion – Attraction of water molecules to the molecules of a solid surface. • Water is polar (unevenly charged) • Oxygen has a slight negative charge. • Hydrogen has a slight positive charge.

  11. Polymers vs. Monomers • Polymers: compounds consisting of repeating linked units. • Monomers: Simple molecules composing each unit of a polymer. • Macromolecule: A large polymer

  12. Dehydration synthesis • Condensation Reaction • Monomers link to form a polymer; water is removed.

  13. Hydrolysis • A polymer splits to form two monomers when water is added

  14. Carbohydrates • C, H, O (2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen) • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Fructose, glucose, galactose • Disaccharides (double sugars) • Lactose, sucrose, maltose • Polysaccharides (complex sugars) • Starch, cellulose, glycogen (animal starch)

  15. Sugars • Glucose, fructose, & galactose – C6H12O6 • Isomers – same molecular formula, but different properties. • Sucrose, lactose, & maltose – C12H22O11 • HOW CAN THIS BE??

  16. Functional Groups • Clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule. • Types • Hydroxyl –OH (alcohols) • Amino group – NH2 • Sulfhydryl group – SH • Phosphate group – H3PO4 • Carboxyl group - COOH

  17. Lipids • Function: • Barrier between aqueous environments inside & outside the cell. • Cell Membrane • Energy storage • Fats • Protective Coverings • Waxes • Insulation • Fats

  18. Lipids, continued…. • Fatty Acids: Monomers that make up most lipids. • Composed of a long, straight hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group • Carboxyl group: Hydrophilic, “water loving” • Hydrocarbon chain: Hydrophobic, “water fearing”

  19. Triglycerides Fats – Solid at room temperature Oil – Liquid at room temperature Waxes Steroids Cholesterol is an example Doesn’t contain fatty acids Types of Lipids

  20. Proteins • Account for more than 50% of the dry weight of the cell • Structural support • Storage • Transport • Signaling • Movement • Defense • Increase the speed of chemical reactions.

  21. Proteins, continued…. • Amino Acids – monomers of proteins • Amino acids are always in this form

  22. Types of Proteins • Dipeptides: Two amino acids bonded together. • Polypeptides: A long chain of amino acids • Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts in intermediary metabolism • Catalyst: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.

  23. Nucleic Acids • Complex organic compounds that store important information in the cell. • Nucleotides – monomers of nucleic acids

  24. Types of Nucleic Acids • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • Stores information important for all cell activities • Sugar: deoxyribose • RNA: ribonucleic acid • Transfers information essential for making proteins • Sugar: ribose

  25. Chart provided…

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