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Manifest Destiny. Unit 6 - Manifest Destiny and the Crisis of the Union APUSH Mrs. Baker. Trends in Antebellum America: 1800 - 1860. New intellectual and religious reforms Social reforms Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America
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Manifest Destiny Unit 6 - Manifest Destiny and the Crisis of the Union APUSH Mrs. Baker
Trends in Antebellum America: 1800 - 1860 • New intellectual and religious reforms • Social reforms • Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America • Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization • Increase in federal power • Marshall Court decisions • Increase in American nationalism • Further westward expansion
A Two-Party System The Whig Alternative to Jacksonian Democracy
Political Parties of the Age of Jackson Democrats - Jacksonians Whigs – Anti-Jackson • Favored local rule, limited government, free trade, equal economic opportunity (for white males). • Opposed monopolies, a national bank, high tariffs, high land prices • Southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban workers • Favored Clay’s American system • National bank, federal funding of internal improvements, a protective tariff • Opposed immortality, vice, and crime, which some blamed on immigrants • New Englanders and residents of mid-Atlantic and upper-Middle Western states
Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren
Election of 1840:The “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign William Henry Harrison John Tyler
To what extent did manifest destiny and territorial expansion unite or divide the United States from 1830 to 1860?
“Manifest Destiny” • “Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement, … [The American claim] is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is the right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth.” • John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845
“American Progress” Romanticism Adventure By John Gast, 1872
“Manifest Destiny” • Popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. • Influenced by: • Nationalism • Population increase • Rapid economic development • Technological advances • Reform ideals • Critics of expansion: • Northerners argued that at the root of the expansionist drive was the southern ambition to spread slavery into western lands • Result: • Defined the boundaries of modern day America in North America
Declaring Independence • What events led American settlers in Texas to wage a revolt and declare Texas to be an independent republic?
Key Figures in Texas Independence Sam Houston (1793 – 1863) Steven Austin (1793 – 1836)
Remember the Alamo! Image drawn in 1854 Explain the significance of the Battle of the Alamo.
Battle of the Alamo While the republic lost the battle, how did they gain independence from Mexico? Why was their independence not recognized by Mexico?
Annexation Denied What were the reasons for the initial denial of annexation?
Border Dispute in Maine Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
Aroostook “War,” 1839 • The only war ever declared by a state. • Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine • Cause: • Expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials • Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war” • General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.
Boundary Dispute The Oregon Territory
Discuss the significance of the Oregon Territory. • How did the territory impact the Presidential election of 1844
Overland Migration to the West Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
The Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Donner Party Cannibalism Margaret, Patrick, & John Breen Of the original 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived the trip to California James Reed & Wife
The Rush to Oregon • Fertile farming land in Oregon led to “Oregon fever” • By mid-1840’s over 5000 Americans made the journey. • By 1844, many Americans believed it to be the country’s destiny to take possession of all of Oregon and annex Texas. • Also wanted California
The Election of 1844 James K. Polk: Democrats Henry Clay: Whigs • Committed to expansion and manifest destiny • Favored: • Annexation of Texas • Reoccupation of all of Oregon • Acquisition of California • Democratic Slogan: “54’ 40º or Fight!” • Appealed to American westerners and southerners • Alienated voters by straddling the expansionist line and not making a decisive argument for or against • Many left the Whig Party and joined the anti-slavery Liberty Party.
Acquiring Two New Territories • Outgoing Tyler • Instead of seeking Senate approval, Tyler persuaded both houses of Congress to pass a joint resolution for annexation. • Required only simple majority. • Left Polk with the problem of dealing with Mexico • Oregon compromise • U.S. gained the southern portion of the Oregon territory. • Continued the extension of 49th parallel established with Rush-Bagot Treaty. • Polk anticipated war over Texas annexation
“Mr. Polk’s War” Mexican – American War:1846 - 1848 1. What were the arguments for and against the Mexican War? 2. Did President Polk provoke war with Mexico? 3. What were the goals of the U. S. government in the Mexican War? 4. Why did so many people eventually oppose the War?
The Slidell Mission: Nov. 1845 • Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande as the TX-US Border • US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican government • US would purchase the New Mexico area for $500,000 • US would Purchase California for any price John Slidell
What were the consequences of war with Mexico? • What was the impact on American society and politics? Consequences of War
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 • Negotiated in Mexico by American diplomat Nicholas Trist provided for the following: • Mexico would recognize the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas • Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico • U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico • Over $3,500,000
Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA.)
Prelude to Civil War?:Results of Mexican War • The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and over 13,000American lives (mostly of disease). • New territories were brought into the Union • Forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. • Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) • These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. • Northerners thought war was a southern plot to extend the “slave power” • Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. • Manifest Destiny partially realized. • Wilmot Proviso was the first round in political conflict the led to civil war.
Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! • “Barnburners”– discontented northern Democrats. • Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. • Opposition to the extension of slavery in the newterritories! • Supported Wilmot Proviso
To what extent did manifest destiny and territorial expansion unite or divide the United States from 1830 to 1860?
