Taxonomy & Classification

1. Taxonomy & Classification Tree of Life – The characteristics of living things! Use the magazines and find photographs/drawings of 10 examples of living things. Glue them in to your notebook. Try to represent the diversity found in the tree of life! Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

2. Taxonomy & Classification Characteristics of Living Things (add to branches) Made of Cells Reproduce Genetic Code Grow & develop Need/use energy Respond to the environment Maintain balance (homeostasis) Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

3. Introduction • When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other. • In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. • In this chapter you will learn how scientists classify living things. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

4. TEKS §112.43. Biology. (8)  Science concepts. The student knows applications of taxonomy and can identify its limitations. The student is expected to: • (A)  collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levels such as species, phylum, and kingdom using dichotomous keys; • (B)  analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature; and • (C)  identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

5. Taxonomy • Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them. • Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

6. Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus) • Von Linne was the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels (kingdom to species). http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

7. Binomial Nomenclature • Scientists give animals Latin/Greeknames in classification which consists of two parts; the genus and species names put together. • They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change. • Means “two-part naming” • EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.” Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

8. EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.” Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

9. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature • Always written in Latin and in italics. • Genus name is written first and is capitalized. • Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized. • Correctly written scientific names • Homo sapiens (modern man) • Felis domesticus (common housecat) Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

10. Purpose for Classification • A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences. • EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. • Cambarus bartoni http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/huifangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

11. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for... • Felis concolor http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

12. http://www.imagequest3d.com/stock/taxon/taxonomy_r2_c1.gif Purpose for Classification cont. 2. Classification organizeslarge amounts of information into manageable levels. 3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

13. Levels of Classification • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

14. Levels of Classification • Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. • There are three domains shown above. • Two are bacteria, one is eukaryotes. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

15. Domains of Life • All living things on the planet are sorted into three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. • Archaea & Bacteria contain onlyprokaryotes (bacterial cells). • Eukarya contains eukaryotic celled organisms. • When organisms are newly discovered, they are identified, sorted, and categorized into one of the three domains. Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

16. Domain Archaea • Members of the domain Archaea (derived from Greek for “ancient”). • They are bacteria that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen! • Energy = autotrophs Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

17. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) • These bacteria are all autotrophs (make their own food) and live in very extreme, often hostile environments. • This Yellowstone spring is 194 degrees Fahrenheit! http://people.uncw.edu/tobiasc/Grand_Prismatic_Spring.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

18. Domain Bacteria • Domain Bacteria includes common strains of bacteria such as Streptococcus and E. coli. (strep throat & food poisoning). • Everyday bacteria that lives near us! • Energy = autotrophs or heterotrophs http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/300000/images/_300835_e_coli300.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

19. Kingdom Eubacteriacontains unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) Remember prokaryotes are microscopic bacteria. They live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body! Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png Kingdom Eubacteria Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

20. Kingdom Protista • Single and MulticellularEukaryotes (nucleus & organelles) • Energy = autotrophs and heterotrophs • EX: amoebas, algae, kelp http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/protists/amoeba_proteus_X_100.jpg http://www.dirtworks.net/Images/NeptunesHarvest/Kelp.jpg http://www.bioremediate.com/lyngbya.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

21. Kingdom Fungi • Molds, mildews, and mushrooms are examples of the kingdom Fungi. • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • Energy = heterotrophs – decomposers CANNOT make their own food. http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

22. Black Mold = Fungus Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

23. Kingdom Plantae • Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls. • Plants create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color). • Energy = autotrophs • Non-motile (do not move) • EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants http://byandlarge.net/scuttlebutt/images/neighbourhood/bird-of-paradise.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

24. Kingdom Animalia • The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular eukaryotes. • At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls. • Energy = heterotrophs • EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-20/jellyfish-7.jpg Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

25. Dichotomous Key • Taxonomists have developed special guides called dichotomous keysto help to identify organisms. • A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg

26. Conclusion • The tree of life is varied and diverse, but all living things share common characteristics. • All cells contain the instructions for life and all organisms on the planet are made of cells. • Understanding the tree of life helps us to understand us! Background Image:http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/butterfly.jpg