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This research paper presents the evolution of advancements in Emergency Medical Response and Trauma Care, including a timeline of impactful events, future directions, and effects on the healthcare industry. It emphasizes the importance of reliable sources and adhering to APA formatting guidelines. Proper formatting, structure, and factual content are essential for informing and engaging readers while building knowledge on the chosen topic.
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The Research Paper • Hawaii Career & Technical Education Performance- Based Assessment • CTE PBA April 28 & 29, 2014
The Components of PBA Research Paper Written Tests Product/Performance Task Oral Presentation Topic announced November 22, 2013
What a Research Paper Could Be: Other classes may require a research paper. Might have different guidelines: such as purpose, length, formatting Topic focus might be: to compare and contrast, to argue, to solve a problem.
CTE Research Paper • CTE Research Paper will INFORM the reader and author on a given topic. • CCSS- Informational Text Reading/Writing • Research that Informs: • Presents Topic • Expands the Knowledge Base • Offers a Perspective • Builds necessary background for PBA scenario
Pay Attention to the Topic • Topic: "Advancements in Emergency Medical Response and Trauma Care". • Research should include • The Evolution of medical advancements which have impacted the field of Emergency Medical Response. • A Timeline of these events should be included in the appendix. • And conclude with the future direction of Trauma Care and its effect on the health care industry. • All research must be supported with evidence.
Understand Topic Requirement • Research Topic • Choose research that Supports the Topic • Reliable Sources • Wikipedia- • not reliable • broad brushstroke of topic • look at references attached – which can help with starting the research process
TIPS • Start Early • Collect research, references • Organize them, so can refer to them periodically • Cannot write a well written ten-page paper in one week. • Drafts • 2 people are writing which means writing styles have to appear as one consistent voice.
Analysis of Topic • Analysis of research topic to INFORM the reader (and author) is the main intent. • Author will gain in topic knowledge, gain topic perspective • to prepare for PBA scenario
Why Format is Important • Readers • Gains understanding as they read • Organizes their thoughts as they read • Citations/references can be used in their own work • Authors • Gains understanding as they write • Organizes thoughts as they write • Cite all works for research- • Honors researchers’/work/words • avoids plagiarism
American Psychology Association Format Overview A few important APA guidelines will be expected on CTE Research Paper
Standard Format: Standard 8.5” x 11” paper 1” margins on all sides Double-spaced 12 point type Times New Roman font No auto-hyphenation
Structure: • Title Page • Table of Contents • Abstract • Main Body • Introduction • Body • Conclusion • References • Appendices
Title Page: • Full title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. • No more than 12 words in length • May take up one or two lines • Double-spaced • School Name, Students’ Names, Head Teacher, Principal • Submission Date
Table of Contents: • Table of Contents Centered- Underline • Abstract- Appendix with page numbers. • Use a Tab leader …. Set margin to insure that pages are listed within 1” margin. • TIP: Go to Home, paragraph, then tab choice to set this up.
Abstract: Page number flush top right. This is the first page to number. Start with page 2. “Abstract” centered on the first line. Beginning with the next line (do not indent), a concise summary of the key points of your paper. Single paragraph, double-spaced. Between 150 and 250 words.
Body Format: • Page Number: Flush Right Top Page • Indent paragraphs ½” • Headings • Start with Introduction- • Heading does not have to state “introduction” but content should indicate that paragraph is an introduction: grabs the reader in a unique way and presents topic and main ideas of paper. • Citations in body. “In Text” citations. • End with Conclusion- • Heading does not have to state “conclusion” but content should indicate that paragraph is the conclusion: Strong, clear, summarizes main points that support topic and offers insight.
Headings: Helps readers find key points and organizes the author’s thoughts APA Style uses five levels of headings:
Writing Effectively: VOICE: • Write in third person: “it” “he/she” “they” • Avoid first person : “I” “we” • Avoid second person: “you” “your” • Reducing Bias in Language • Be specific: “11-17 year old females” • Be sensitive to labels: “Older adults”
Writing Effectively: Use active voice: • Active: The researchers asked participants questions. • Passive: The participants were asked questions by the researchers. • KISS method • Clear and concise, avoid poetic language • Use relevant and reputable source material
Numbers in words: • Use words to express any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading. • Ten participants answered the questionnaire. • Forty-eight percent of the sample showed an increase; 2% showed no change. • Common fractions • one fifth of the class • two-thirds majority • Universally accepted usage • The Twelve Apostles • Five Pillars of Islam
Primary sources: an original object or document; the raw material or first-hand information. • Historical and legal documents • Eyewitness accounts • Results of experiments • Statistical data • Empirical studies and research. • Scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences
Secondary sources:something written about a primary source. • Comments, interpretations, or discussions about original material or work • Articles in newspapers or popular magazines • Book or movie reviews • Journal articles that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research
Tertiary sources: an index and/or textual condensation of primary and secondary sources. • Almanacs • Guide books • Survey articles • Timelines • User guides • Dictionary • Encyclopedia • Textbooks
What to cite? Reliable sources Source supports main idea that you are writing on. Start to analyze research and “build/write” the paper including citations that help to inform the topic.
What to Cite • Always Cite: Words or ideas from a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium • Information through interviewing, conversing, or corresponding with another person • Exact words or a unique phrase • Any reprinted diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materials • Electronically-available digital media, including images, audio, video, or executable files
Definition of Plagiarize • Plagiarize: to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (another's production) without crediting the source (from http://www.merriam-webster.com/)
In-text Citations: • Helps readers locate the cited source in the References list • Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: • J.R.R. Tolkien • Italicize or underline titles of long works such as books, movies, or albums: • Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone • Iron Man • Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon • Put quotation marks around titles of short works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections or song titles: • "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds”
In-text Citations: • When citing or paraphrasing a source, provide Author’s name and date of publication in parenthesis: • The Mayans were centrally located (Jones, 1984). • According to Jones (1984), the Mayans were centrally located. • In 1984, Jones concluded the Mayans were centrally located.
In-text Citations: • When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list • Include the author’s name, the year of publication, separated by a semi-colon. • (Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
In-text Citations: • When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis. • According to researchers Manning and Elway (2007), “the spiraling effect makes the ball travel with greater velocity” (p. 16). • Some researchers argue that “the spiraling effect makes the ball travel with greater velocity” (Manning & Elway, 2007, p. 16).
In-text Citations: • When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. • (Benjarvis, Green, & Ellis, 2012) • In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. • (Benjarvis et al., 2012)
In-text Citations: • When citing multiple authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names. • (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
In-text Citations: • When citing interviews, letters, etc., include communicator’s name, “personal communication”, and date. • Do not include personal communication in the reference list. • J.R. Smith stated that many students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). • Many students had difficulties with APA style (J. R. Smith, personal communication, November 3, 2002).
In-text Citations: • When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading. • According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
In-text Citations: • When citing an organization, mention the organization the first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation. • The data collected by Food and Drug Administration (2006) confirmed that consuming gluten increased blood sugar levels. • If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. • In 2006 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…
In-text Citations: • When citing a work of unknown author, use the source’s full title in the signal phrase and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. • Put titles of articles and chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books and reports. • According to “Monitoring the Dead” (2011), • (“Monitoring,” 2011)
Most common- In-text Citations: • When citing or paraphrasing a source, provide Author’s name and date of publication in parenthesis: • The Mayans were centrally located (Jones, 1984). • According to Jones (1984), the Mayans were centrally located. • In 1984, Jones concluded the Mayans were centrally located.
Quotations: • Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another author’s work. • Provide the author, year, and specific page(s) in the text citation. • Source must be included in the reference list. • If quotation is fewer than 40 words, incorporate in text and enclose with quotation marks. • Caruth (1996) has stated that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
Quotations: • If the quotation is more than 40 words, it should be treated as a block quotation without quotation marks. • Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Reference v Bibliography: • Reference list: • Contains all sources cited in the text of a paper. • Organized alphabetically by author’s surname. • Bibliographies: • Includes sources that were consulted but not cited. • Annotated description of each source. • May be organized chronologically or by subject.
CTE Research- References: • Center “References” at the top of the page. • Double-space reference entries flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines • Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames • Invert authors’ names (last name first, followed by initials) • Alphabetize reference list entries by the last name of the first author of each work
References: • Capitalize all major words in journal titles • Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
Appendix Materials: Graphs, charts, tables Supplemental Materials: links to audio/video clips, computer coding, animation, oversized tables, color figures.