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Exploring Motion in Physics: Distance, Displacement, Speed, and Velocity

Discover the fundamentals of motion in physics, including distance, displacement, speed, and velocity. Learn about acceleration, force, and Newton's Laws of Motion, and understand how they shape the world around us.

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Exploring Motion in Physics: Distance, Displacement, Speed, and Velocity

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  1. Chapter 2 Motion

  2. 2.1 Distance and Displacement • Motion: The change in position of an object as compared with a reference point • Reference point: System of objects that are not moving (stationary) in respect to one another

  3. Distance • Length of path between 2 points • May not be straight line (shortest path) • Units: meters (m), km, miles, cm, etc. • Ex: Roads/streets we drive

  4. Displacement • The direction and length in a straight line from start to end • ALWAYS includes direction from start point • Ex: walk 5 blocks north from McDonald’s • Ex: roller coaster ride displacement = 0

  5. Speed • How fast in a given amount of time • Distance traveled by object • Time to travel that distance • Units: • m/s • mi/hr or mph • km/hr

  6. Speed Types • Average Speed- Calculated speed for trip • Ex) Ran marathon at 6 mi/hr • Instantaneous Speed- speed at exact moment • Ex) speedometer reading = 55 mi/hr • Object going an equal distance in equal amounts of time = Constant speed (not speeding up or slowing down)

  7. Speeds • Doesn't tell the direction • 45 mph • 4 m/s

  8. Calculating Speed & Avg. Speed • Expressed in m/s • Speed = Distance/Time • Or S = d/t • Ex: A car traveling at a constant speed and it goes and distance of 645 m in 25 s. What is the car’s speed? • S = d/t • S = 645m/25s • S = 25.8 m/s

  9. Distance - Time Graphs • Graphs show speed/velocity • Time (independent variable) -> x-axis • Distance (dependent variable) -> y-axis

  10. Distance - Time Graph

  11. Distance -Time Graphs • Slope of line = speed or velocity • Straight line = constant speed (cruise control) • Steeper slope = faster speed

  12. Distance - Time Graphs • Horizontal (flat) line = object not moving • Exs: stopped at red light, parked, at store

  13. Distance - Time Graphs • Negative slope = went backwards (neg. displacement) • Ex: went to store, shopped, and back home

  14. Velocity • Measurements: • Speed: m/s, km/h, or m/h • Direction: • N (NE, NW), S (SE, SW), East, and West • Describes both speed and direction of motion • Must give how “fast” and direction the object is going • Ex: 45 km going South

  15. 2.2 Acceleration • Can be described as changes in speed, direction, or changes in both • Small value = increasing gradually • Larger value = speeding up more rapidly • The slope of a speed-time graph is acceleration

  16. Acceleration (pg. 49 -50) • Positive Acceleration – velocity increases or speeds up (gives a positive slope ) • Negative Acceleration – velocity decreases or slows down (gives a negative slope ) • Horizontal line – on a velocity-time graph; stays constant, velocity does not change (-----)

  17. Changes in Acceleration • Any change in how fast or change in direction • Speed up • Slow down • Turn a corner • Go around a curve

  18. Calculating Acceleration • Acceleration = change in velocity/time • a = (final velocity – initial velocity)/time • Measured in meters/second/second • a = vf - vi/t

  19. Calculating Acceleration • Calculating positive acceleration = pos. # (speeding up) • Ex: a = (80m/s – 0m/s)/20s = 4m/s • Calculating negative acceleration = neg. # (slowing down) • Ex: a = (0m/s – 3m/s)/2s = 1.5 m/s

  20. Force • Causes velocity change • Unit = Newton (N) • Net Force - combo of all forces acting on object • Net force = 0 • Either stopped or constant speed

  21. Force • 2 Types of forces: • Balanced Forces - net force = 0 • Forces cancel out • Ex) Fair tug of war • Unbalanced Forces - net force not = 0 • One force is stronger • Car vs Train

  22. Balanced Forces

  23. Unbalanced Forces

  24. Isaac Newton • Physicist who described relationship between force & motion • 3 Laws: Newton’s Laws of Motion

  25. Newton’s 1st Law • AKA – Law of Inertia • “An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.” • Inertia = tendency of object to stay at rest • Exs: car crashes, magician table cloth trick

  26. 1st Law

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